O TRABALHO DOS ASSISTENTES SOCIAIS NA EDUCAÇÃO PROFISSIONAL E TECNOLÓGICA: AS AÇÕES DESENVOLVIDAS NO COTIDIANO INSTITUCIONAL
Abstract
Resumo: Este artigo apresenta aspectos abordados numa Tese de Doutorado que estuda particularidades do trabalho do assistente social na Educação Profissional e Tecnológica. A partir das requisições para o Serviço Social nesse espaço sócio-ocupacional, discute-se acerca das ações desenvolvidas pelos assistentes sociais, sistematizando-as em quatro eixos principais: referentes à assistência estudantil; de caráter socioeducativo; de orientação, acompanhamento e encaminhamento de estudantes; de assessoria às organizações estudantis e de pais. Conclui-se com considerações finais a respeito do tema.
Palavras-chave: Trabalho; Serviço Social; Educação; Ações profissionais.
References
Folli F, Saad MJ, Backer JM, Kahn CR. Insulin Stimulation of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Activity and Association with Insulin Receptor Substrate 1 in Liver and Muscle of the Intact Rat *. J. Biol. Chem. 1992;267:22171-22177.
Carvalheira JBC, Zecchin HG, Saad MJA. Vias de Sinalização da Insulina. Arq. Bras. Endocrionologia e Metabol. 2002;46(4):419-425.
Sbd. Diretrizes Da Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes.; 2016:1-384.
Shuldiner AR, Mclenithan JC. Genes and pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes : more than just the Randle cycle all over again. 2004;114(10). doi:10.1172/JCI200422562.5.
Storlien L, Oakes ND, Kelley DE. Metabolic flexibility. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 2004;63(2):363-8. doi:10.1079/PNS2004349.
Cho NH, Colagiuri S, Distiller L, et al. Managing Older People with Type 2 Diabetes.; 2013:1-96.
Dunstan DW. The Rising Prevalence of Diabetes and. Diabetes Care 2002;25(5):829-834.
Haskell WL, Lee I-M, Pate RR, et al. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation 2007;116(9):1081-93. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.185649.
Leiter LA, Barr A, Bélanger A, et al. Diabetes Screening in Canada (DIASCAN) Study. Diabetes Care 2001:1038-1043.
Stephien C, Cull CA, Holman RR. Are Lower Fasting Plasma Glucose Levels at Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes Associated With Improved Outcomes ? Diabetes Care 2002;25(8):1410-1417.
Harris MI, Klein R, Welborn T a., Knuiman MW. Onset of NIDDM occurs at Least 4-7 yr Before Clinical Diagnosis. Diabetes Care 1992;15(7):815-819. doi:10.2337/diacare.15.7.815.
Snel M, Gastaldelli A, Ouwens DM, et al. Effects of adding exercise to a 16-week very low-calorie diet in obese, insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2012;97(7):2512-20. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-3178.
Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, et al. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-centered approach. Position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetologia 2012;55(6):1577-96. doi:10.1007/s00125-012-2534-0.
Ciolac EG, Guimarães GV. Exercício físico e síndrome metabólica. Rev. Bras. Med. do Esporte 2004;10(16):319-324.
Morais PK, Campbell CSG, Sales MM, et al. Acute resistance exercise is more effective than aerobic exercise for 24h blood pressure control in type 2 diabetics. Diabetes Metab. 2011;37(2):112-7. doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2010.08.008.
Roden M. Exercise in type 2 diabetes: to resist or to endure? Diabetologia 2012;55(5):1235-9. doi:10.1007/s00125-012-2513-5.
Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. NIH Public Access. 2006;346(6):393-403.
Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG, et al. NUMB ER 18 PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001;344(18):1343-1350.
Delgado-Lista J, Perez-Martinez P, Lopez-Miranda J, Perez-Jimenez F. Long chain omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. Br. J. Nutr. 2012;107 Suppl :S201-13. doi:10.1017/S0007114512001596.
Simopoulos AP, Bazan NG. Omega-3 Fatty Acids, the Brain and Retina.; 2009:163.
Benatti P, Peluso G, Nicolai R, Calvani M. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Biochemical, Nutritional and Epigenetic Properties. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 2004;23(4):281-302. doi:10.1080/07315724.2004.10719371.
Taguchi N, Higaki Y, Inoue S, Kimura H, Tanaka K. Effects of a 12-Month Multicomponent Exercise Program on Physical Performance, Daily Physical Activity, and Quality of Life in Very Elderly People With Minor Disabilities: An Intervention Study. J. Epidemiol. 2010;20(1):21-29. doi:10.2188/jea.JE20081033.
Egan B, Carson BP, Garcia-Roves PM, et al. Exercise intensity-dependent regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator-1 mRNA abundance is associated with differential activation of upstream signalling kinases in human skeletal muscle. J. Physiol. 2010;588(Pt 10):1779-90. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2010.188011.
Rutter K, Hennoste L, Ward LC, Cornish BH, Thomas BJ. Bioelectrical impedance analysis for the estimation of body composition in rats. Lab. Anim. 1998;32(1):65-71. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9481696.
Camargo JL, Gross JL. Glico-Hemoglobina (HbA. 2004;48(Dm):451-463.
Vind BF, Birk JB, Vienberg SG, et al. Hyperglycaemia normalises insulin action on glucose metabolism but not the impaired activation of AKT and glycogen synthase in the skeletal muscle of patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2012;55(5):1435-45. doi:10.1007/s00125-012-2482-8.
Pereira LO, Lancha AH. Effect of insulin and contraction up on glucose transport in skeletal muscle. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 2004;84(1):1-27. doi:10.1016/S0079-6107(03)00055-5.
Zierath JR. Invited review: Exercise training-induced changes in insulin signaling in skeletal muscle. J. Appl. Physiol. 2002;93(2):773-81. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00126.2002.
Pinheiro CH da J, Filho WM de S, Neto J de O, et al. Original Article Exercise Prevents Cardiometabolic Alterations Induced by Chronic Use of Glucocorticoids. Arq. Bras. Cardiol. 2009;93(3):372-380.
Saltiel AR, Kahn CR. Insulin signalling and the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Nature 2001;414(December):799-806.
Saad MJA, Araki E, Rothenberg PL, White MF, Kahn CR. Regulation of Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 in Liver and Muscle of Animal Models of Insulin Resistance. J. Clin. Invest. 1992;90(November):1839-1849.
Saad MJA, Folli F, Kahn JA, Kahn CR. Rapid Publication. J. Clin. Invest. 1993;92(October):2065-2072.
Shepherd PR, Nave BT, Siddle K. Insulin stimulation of glycogen synthesis and glycogen synthase activity is blocked by wortmannin and rapamycin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes : evidence for the involvement of phosphoinositide 3-kinase and p70 ribosomal protein-S6 kinase. J. Biochem. 1995;28:25-28.
Backer JM, Jr MGM, Shoelson SE, et al. Phosphatidylinositol 3 ’ -kinase is activated by association with IRS-1 during insulin stimulation. EMBO J. 1992;11(9):3469-3479.
Czech MP, Corvera S. Signaling Mechanisms That Regulate Glucose Transport. J. Biol. Chem. 1999;274(4):1865-1868. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.4.1865.
Zecchin HG, Carvalheira JBC, Saad MJA. Mecanismos moleculares de resistência à insulina na síndrome metabólica. Rev. da Soc. Cardiol. São Paulo 2004;14:574-589.
Fröjdö S, Vidal H, Pirola L. Alterations of insulin signaling in type 2 diabetes: a review of the current evidence from humans. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2009;1792(2):83-92. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2008.10.019.
Ropelle ER, Pauli JR, Carvalheira JBC. Efeitos moleculares do exercício físico sobre as vias de sinalização insulínica Exercício e sinalização insulínica : perspectiva histórica Efeitos do exercício físico na via de sinalização da insulina. Motriz 2005;11(1):49-55.
Goodwin ML, Harris JE, Ed M, Hernández A, Gladden LB, Ph D. Blood Lactate Measurements and Analysis during Exercise : J. Diabetes Sci. Technol. 2007;1(4):558-569.
De Sousa RAL, Navarro F. Revista Brasileira de Prescrição e Fisiologia do Exercício. Rev. Bras. Prescrição e Fisiol. do Exerc. 2013;7(42):489-500.
Yamashita AS, Lira FS, Lima WP, et al. Influência do Treinamento Físico Aeróbio no Transporte Mitocondrial de Ácidos Graxos de Cadeia Longa no Músculo Esquelético : Papel do Complexo Carnitina Palmitoil Transferase Influence of Aerobic Physical Training in the Motochondrial Transport of Long C. Rev. Bras. Med. do Esporte 2008;14(3):150-154.
Choo H-J, Kim J-H, Kwon O-B, et al. Mitochondria are impaired in the adipocytes of type 2 diabetic mice. Diabetologia 2006;49(4):784-91. doi:10.1007/s00125-006-0170-2.
Sutherland LN, Bomhof MR, Capozzi LC, Basaraba S a U, Wright DC. Exercise and adrenaline increase PGC-1{alpha} mRNA expression in rat adipose tissue. J. Physiol. 2009;587(Pt 7):1607-17. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2008.165464.
Thyfault JP, Kraus RM, Hickner RC, Howell AW, Wolfe RR, Dohm GL. Impaired plasma fatty acid oxidation in extremely obese women. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2004;287(6):E1076-81. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00177.2004.
Valerio A, Cardile A, Cozzi V, et al. TNF- α downregulates eNOS expression and mitochondrial biogenesis in fat and muscle of obese rodents. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2006;116(10):2791-2798. doi:10.1172/JCI28570DS1.
Hallsworth K, Fattakhova G, Hollingsworth KG, et al. Resistance exercise reduces liver fat and its mediators in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease independent of weight loss. Gut 2011;60(9):1278-83. doi:10.1136/gut.2011.242073.
Curi R, Miyasaka C, Pompéia C, Procopio J. Entendendo a Gordura.; 2002:1-598.
Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ. Fish Consumption, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation 2002;106(21):2747-2757. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000038493.65177.94.
Brown-shimer S, Johnson KA, Lawrencet JB, et al. Reduced asthma symptoms with n-3 fatty acid ingestion are related to 5-series leukotriene. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1996;65(July):1011-1017.
Farooqui AA, Ong W, Horrocks LA. Inhibitors of Brain Phospholipase A 2 Activity : Their Neuropharmacological Effects and Therapeutic Importance for the Treatment of Neurologic Disorders. Pharmacol. Rev. 2006;58(3):591-620. doi:10.1124/pr.58.3.7.591.
Randle P, Curi R. Regulação Do Metabolismo de Glicose E Ácido Graxo No Músculo Esquelético Durante O Exercício Físico.; 2012:468-469.
Molfino A, Gioia G, Rossi Fanelli F, Muscaritoli M. The role for dietary omega-3 fatty acids supplementation in older adults. Nutrients 2014;6(10):4058-73. doi:10.3390/nu6104058.
Pinto J a, Folador A, Bonato SJ, et al. Fish oil supplementation in F1 generation associated with naproxen, clenbuterol, and insulin administration reduce tumor growth and cachexia in Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2004;15(6):358-65. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2004.02.002.
Calder PC, Deckelbaum RJ. Dietary fatty acids in health and disease: greater controversy, greater interest. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 2014;17(2):111-5. doi:10.1097/MCO.0000000000000038.
Calder PC. Marine omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes: Effects, mechanisms and clinical relevance. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2014. doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.08.010.
Calder PC. Long-chain fatty acids and inflammation. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 2012;71(2):284-9. doi:10.1017/S0029665112000067.
Calder PC. N-3 Fatty Acids, Inflammation and Immunity: New Mechanisms To Explain Old Actions. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 2013;72(3):326-36. doi:10.1017/S0029665113001031.
Fagherazzi S, Dias R da L, Bortolon F. Impacto do Exercício Físico Isolado e Combinado com Dieta Sobre os Níveis Séricos de Hdl , Ldl , Colesterol Total e Triglicerídeos. Rev. Bras. Med. do Esporte 2008;14:381-386.
Novelli ELB, Diniz YS, Galhardi CM, et al. Anthropometrical parameters and markers of obesity in rats. Lab. Anim. 2007;41(1):111-9. doi:10.1258/002367707779399518.
Jeppesen C, Schiller K, Schulze MB. Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and type 2 diabetes. Curr. Diab. Rep. 2013;13(2):279-88. doi:10.1007/s11892-012-0362-8.
Emanuela F, Grazia M, Marco DR, Maria Paola L, Giorgio F, Marco B. Inflammation as a Link between Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome. J. Nutr. Metab. 2012;2012:1-7. doi:10.1155/2012/476380.
Heled Y, Dror Y, Moran DS, et al. Physical exercise increases the expression of TNFalpha and GLUT 1 in muscle tissue of diabetes prone Psammomys obesus. Life Sci. 2005;77(23):2977-85. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2005.05.033.
Kelly AS, Bergenstal RM, Gonzalez-Campoy JM, Katz H, Bank AJ. Effects of exenatide vs. metformin on endothelial function in obese patients with pre-diabetes: a randomized trial. Cardiovasc. Diabetol. 2012;11(1):64. doi:10.1186/1475-2840-11-64.
Yan Y, Jiang W, Spinetti T, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids prevent inflammation and metabolic disorder through inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Immunity 2013;38(6):1154-63. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2013.05.015.
Arsa G, Lima L, Almeida SS De. Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 : Aspectos fisiológicos , genéticos e formas de exercício físico para seu controle. Rev. Bras. Cardiol. 2009;11(1):103-111.
Hart N, Sarga L, Csende Z, et al. Resveratrol enhances exercise training responses in rats selectively bred for high running performance. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2013;61:53-9. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2013.01.051.
Pinto RS, Lupi R, Brentano MA. Respostas metabólicas ao treinamento de força: uma ênfase no dispêndio energético. DOI: 10.5007/1980-0037.2011v13n2p150. Rev. Bras. Cineantropometria e Desempenho Hum. 2011;13(2):150-157. doi:10.5007/1980-0037.2011v13n2p150.
Teodoro BG, Natali AJ, Fernandes SAT, Peluzio M do CG. A Influência da Intensidade do Exercício Físico Aeróbio no Processo Aterosclerótico the Atherosclerotic Process. Rev. Bras. Med. do Esporte 2010;16(8):382-387.
Andrade P de MM, Ribeiro BG, Carmo M das GT do. Papel dos lipídios no metabolismo durante o esforço. mn- metabólica 2006;8(2):80-88.
Christ CY, Hunt D, Hancock J, Garcia-Macedo R, Mandarino LJ, Ivy JL. Exercise training improves muscle insulin resistance but not insulin receptor signaling in obese Zucker rats. J. Appl. Physiol. 2002;92(2):736-44. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00784.2001.
VanDijk J, Manders R, Tummers K, et al. Both resistance- and endurance-type exercise reduce the prevalence of hyperglycaemia in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance and in insulin-treated and non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetologia 2012;55(5):1273-82. doi:10.1007/s00125-011-2380-5.
Sakane N, Sato J, Tsushita K, et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes in a primary healthcare setting: three-year results of lifestyle intervention in Japanese subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. BMC Public Health 2011;11(1):40. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-40.
Maiorana AJ, Naylor LH, Exterkate A, et al. The impact of exercise training on conduit artery wall thickness and remodeling in chronic heart failure patients. Hypertension 2011;57(1):56-62. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.163022.
Jorgensen SB, Richter E a, Wojtaszewski JFP. Role of AMPK in skeletal muscle metabolic regulation and adaptation in relation to exercise. J. Physiol. 2006;574(Pt 1):17-31. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2006.109942.
Helge JW, Ayre KJ, Hulbert AJ, Kiens B, Storlien LH. Biochemical and Molecular Action of Nutrients in Rats 1. J. Nutr. 1999:1636-1642.
Spriet LL. Regulation of skeletal muscle fat oxidation during exercise in humans. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2002;34(9):1477-1484. doi:10.1249/01.MSS.0000027688.49712.5B.
Waters RE, Rotevatn S, Li P, Annex BH, Yan Z. Voluntary running induces fiber type-specific angiogenesis in mouse skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 2004;287(5):C1342-8. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00247.2004.
Withers DJ, Gutierrez JS, Towery H, et al. Disruption of IRS-2 causes type 2 diabetes in mice. Nature 1998;391(February):900-904.
Kraus RM, Stallings HW, Yeager RC, Gavin TP. Circulating plasma VEGF response to exercise in sedentary and endurance-trained men. J. Appl. Physiol. 2004;96(4):1445-50. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01031.2003.
Oliveira NRC, Marques SO, Luciano TF, et al. Treadmill training increases SIRT-1 and PGC-1 α protein levels and AMPK phosphorylation in quadriceps of middle-aged rats in an intensity-dependent manner. Mediators Inflamm. 2014;2014:1-12. doi:10.1155/2014/987017.
Hardie DG. AMP-activated protein kinase: a key system mediating metabolic responses to exercise. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2004;36(1):28-34. doi:10.1249/01.MSS.0000106171.38299.64.
Ding X, Lichti K, Kim I, Gonzalez FJ, Staudinger JL. Regulation of constitutive androstane receptor and its target genes by fasting, cAMP, hepatocyte nuclear factor alpha, and the coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha. J. Biol. Chem. 2006;281(36):26540-51. doi:10.1074/jbc.M600931200.
Puigserver P, Wu Z, Park CW, Graves R, Wright M, Spiegelman BM. A Cold-Inducible Coactivator of Nuclear Receptors Linked to Adaptive Thermogenesis. Cell 1998;92(6):829-839. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81410-5.
Miura S, Kawanaka K, Kai Y, et al. An increase in murine skeletal muscle peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha) mRNA in response to exercise is mediated by beta-adrenergic receptor activation. Endocrinology 2007;148(7):3441-8. doi:10.1210/en.2006-1646.
Hernández-Alvarez MI, Thabit H, Burns N, et al. Subjects With Early-Onset Type 2 Diabetes Show Defective Activation of the Skeletal. Diabetes Care 2010;33(3):645-651. doi:10.2337/dc09-1305.M.I.H.-A.
Liang H, Ward WF. PGC-1alpha: a key regulator of energy metabolism. Adv. Physiol. Educ. 2006;30(4):145-51. doi:10.1152/advan.00052.2006.
Kang C, Chung E, Diffee G, Ji LL. Exercise training attenuates aging-associated mitochondrial dysfunction in rat skeletal muscle: role of PGC-1α. Exp. Gerontol. 2013;48(11):1343-50. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2013.08.004.
Billat L, Sirvent P, Py G, Koralsztein J, Mercier J. The Concept of Maximal Lactate Steady State A Bridge Between Biochemistry , Physiology and. Sport. Med. 2003;33(6):407-426.
Almeida RD de, Prado ES, Melo LA de, Oliveira ACC de. Lipoproteína(a) e massa corporal de ratos submetidos à hipercolesterolemia e treinamentos físicos de força e aeróbico. Fit. Perform. J. 2008;7(3):137-144. doi:10.3900/fpj.7.3.137.p.