The journal Health and Biosciences, created in 2020, is published quarterly and continuously. It aims to publish articles related to the areas of knowledge of Pharmaceutical, Biological, Health Sciences and Education. ISSN: 2675-276X
Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo - UFES
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Analysis of the use of high-alert medications in the care transition in a public hospital
Care transition involves the transfer of responsibilities between different levels of care or inpatient units (IU) with the goal of ensuring continuity of care and patient safety. It is considered a critical moment in care, as it is associated with increased vulnerability to errors and adverse events related to medication use. Among the main risk factors are high-alert medications (HAMs), due to their high potential to cause significant harm to patients in the event of failures in the medication-use process. Despite international and national protocols guiding the rational use of HAMs, problems associated with their use persist, such as their use in IUs without adequate monitoring. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the continuity of HAMs in the prescriptions of patients undergoing care transition after discharge from the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and who were admitted to an IU in a public hospital in Espírito Santo. 102 prescriptions were analyzed, of which 34% (n=35) showed continuity of HAMs after admission to the IU. The most prevalent AVMs were tramadol (62%; n=24), followed by amiodarone, midazolam, and morphine, present in 8% (n=3) of prescriptions, respectively. The results highlight the importance of effective communication and medication reconciliation during care transitions, essential measures to reduce the risks associated with AVMs and promote patient safety.
Copyright (c) 2026 Matheus de Sousa Januário, Thiago Fachetti da Silva , Alexandre de Souza Morais, Andreia Soprani dos Santos, Josiane Pezzin, Ana Alice Dias de Castro Luz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Dose-dependent effects of aqueous Xylopia aethiopica fruits extract on uterine apoptotic markers and placental histology in pregnant Wistar rats
Apoptosis plays a critical role in uterine remodeling and placental development during pregnancy, with caspase-3 and caspase-8 serving as key regulatory enzymes. Xylopia aethiopica fruit (Ethiopian pepper) is widely used in African ethnomedicine, including during pregnancy, yet its effects on apoptotic pathways in gestation remain insufficiently characterized. This study investigated the effect of aqueous extract of Xylopia aethiopica fruit on uterine caspase-3 and caspase-8 levels and placental histology in pregnant Wistar rats during mid-gestation. Sixteen pregnant Wistar rats (150–180 g) were assigned into four groups (n = 4): control and extract-treated groups receiving 250, 500, or 1000 mg/kg body weight orally once daily from gestational days 8–14. Uterine tissues were analyzed for caspase-3 and caspase-8 levels using ELISA, while placental tissues were examined histologically using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test at p < 0.05. The aqueous extract of Xylopia aethiopica produced a dose-dependent reduction in uterine caspase-3 and caspase-8 levels. Significant decreases were observed at 500 mg/kg and were more pronounced at 1000 mg/kg compared with the control group. Histological findings revealed preserved placental architecture in the control and low-dose groups, while moderate and high doses induced degeneration and necrosis of glycogen-rich cells within the labyrinth and junctional zones. Xylopia aethiopica aqueous extract modulates apoptotic activity in uterine tissues during mid-pregnancy in a dose-dependent manner. While low doses appear relatively safe, higher doses compromise placental integrity, indicating a narrow margin between therapeutic and toxic effects during pregnancy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gloria Nosariemen Azekhumen, Maureen Isoken Ebomoyi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Role of immunosenescence in the development of neurodegenerative diseases: an integrative review
Immunosenescence refers to age-related alterations in the immune system that result in reduced immune responsiveness and increased susceptibility to diseases. This integrative review of seven studies investigated the influence of this process on the development of neurodegenerative diseases, indicating that immune aging is associated with changes in the composition and function of T lymphocytes and with the weakening of anti-inflammatory pathways, such as IL-10 and TGF-β. This imbalance promotes a state of chronic and poorly regulated neuroinflammation, which contributes to the development and progression of conditions such as dementia and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Specific findings reveal a complex relationship. Patients with early-stage PD exhibited lower senescence of CD8⁺ T lymphocytes but increased oxidative stress, and deficiency of the DJ-1 protein was also associated with reduced immunosenescence markers. In addition, exacerbated neuroinflammatory responses were observed in aged glial cells, as well as an association between an elevated lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio and the presence of dementia in nonagenarians. Taken together, these findings reinforce the central role of the immune system and inflammation in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases.
Copyright (c) 2026 João Pedro de Souza Pôrto, Flávia Dayrell França https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hepatoprotective potential of Telfairia occidentalis fruit extract against Nickel Chloride-induced toxicity in Wistar rats
Nickel chloride (NiCl₂) is an environmentally abundant heavy metal known to induce oxidative stress, metabolic disturbances, and hepatocellular injury. Identifying natural hepatoprotective agents remains crucial for mitigating heavy-metal toxicity. Telfairia occidentalis fruit contains rich phytochemicals with reported antioxidant and therapeutic properties. To evaluate the protective effects of aqueous Telfairia occidentalis fruit extract against NiCl₂-induced hepatic toxicity in Wistar rats. Twenty-four Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n = 6): Control, NiCl₂ (5 mg/kg, i.p.), T. occidentalis fruit extract (200 mg/kg p.o.) + NiCl₂ (pre-treated 1 hour before NiCl₂), and extract-only group (200 mg/kg p.o.). Treatments lasted 28 days. Body weight, relative liver weight, serum liver enzymes, oxidative stress biomarkers (MDA, GSH, SOD, CAT), and histopathology (H&E) were assessed. Data were analysed using ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test at p < 0.05. NiCl₂ exposure caused significant reductions in body weight, increased liver enlargement, elevated serum AST, ALT, ALP, increased MDA, and depleted antioxidant defences. Histology revealed periportal fibrosis, inflammation, hepatocyte vacuolation, and sinusoidal congestion. Pre-treatment with T. occidentalis fruit extract markedly improved body weight, reduced liver enlargement, stabilised liver enzymes, restored antioxidant biomarkers, and preserved hepatic microarchitecture. Extract-only rats showed normal hepatic and biochemical integrity. Aqueous Telfairia occidentalis fruit extract demonstrates significant hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and membrane-stabilising effects against NiCl₂-induced liver toxicity. The fruit possesses therapeutic potential for mitigating heavy-metal-related hepatic damage, supporting its relevance as a natural protective agent.
Copyright (c) 2026 Edobor Obayuwana, Priscilla Ekpabosi Oshianor, Njideka Jennifer Dim, Norris Osenele Obata-Godwin, Joseph Raymond Enoghase, Endurance Omoregie Imafidon, Martha Omorodion Obayuwana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Strategies for preventing dispensing errors in hospital pharmacies: a literature reviewal pharmacies: a literature review
The hospital pharmacy plays an essential role in patient safety, being responsible for technical-care activities such as selection, storage and dispensing of medicines. Dispensing error, understood as the discrepancy between the prescribed and supplied medicine, is an avoidable incident with the potential to cause significant damage to health. This integrative literature review aimed to identify and systematize effective strategies for the prevention of dispensing errors in hospital pharmacies. The search was carried out in the PubMed and Virtual Health Library (BVS) databases and after applying the eligibility and exclusion criteria, five studies comprised this study. The results showed that the prevention of dispensing errors involves the combined use of light, light-hard and hard technologies. The most effective strategies included reviewing work processes, double-checking potentially hazardous drugs, e-prescribing, implementing automated dispensing systems, standardized patient identification, and strengthening institutional safety culture. The studies pointed to significant reductions in dispensing errors after the adoption of specific protocols and technologies. Automation, although associated with high costs, proved to be cost-effective in the long term, increasing traceability, operational efficiency and freeing up the pharmacist's time for clinical activities. However, no technology replaces the role of the pharmacist, considered essential in the drug chain and in the promotion of the rational use of medicines. Thus, it is concluded that the strengthening of process management, continuing education, multiprofessional integration and the planned incorporation of technologies are fundamental strategies to reduce dispensing errors and promote patient safety.
Medication errors, patient safety, rational use of medications, dispensing of medications
Copyright (c) 2026 Lara Ferrarini Savergnini, Jefferson Pessoa Hemerly , Ana Alice Dias de Castro Luz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of splitting clonazepam tablets: a comparative evaluation
Clonazepam (CLO) is the most prescribed drug in the benzodiazepine class, used as an antiepileptic and anxiolytic agent. Tablets are the most commercialized pharmaceutical form in the world. Pill partitioning refers to the practice of dividing a pill into smaller parts to adjust the prescribed dose of a drug, and is a decision related, in most cases, to the flexibility of doses, reduction of the cost of therapy and to facilitate swallowing, presenting a high risk to public health and impacting the quality of the drug. The objective of this study was to evaluate quality aspects of whole and broken tablets containing CLO, according to the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia, to correlate losses after Quality Control tests such as Content, Unit Dose Uniformity, Weight Determination, Friability, Hardness, and to compare the impact of the use of different partitioning methods by the population: knife, hands, and tablet cutter. The tests proved to be adequate to evaluate the quality of the tablets after partitioning, demonstrating that the physical characteristics of the evaluated tablets influence the cut. The loss of quality in all drugs after partitioning was notorious, with increased Friability, reduced Hardness and problems of dose homogeneity (Unit Dose Uniformity Test). In addition, it is possible to determine that the best performing tablets after partitioning were R (reference drug) and G1 (generic drug). Thus, the best method of partitioning the pills according to the research was with the use of one's own hands, but it is not a recommended action.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maria Eduarda Pereira, Marcelo Antonio Oliveira https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Awareness and Practices of Tattoo-Related Health Risks among University Students of Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma
Tattooing is increasingly popular among youth and young adults, including university students. While tattoos are often pursued for aesthetic or personal reasons, they pose significant health risks—both infectious and non-infectious—especially when obtained from unregulated sources. This study assessed the awareness, attitudes, and practices related to tattoo-associated health risks among students of Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 students using a structured questionnaire covering demographics, knowledge of health risks, and tattooing practices. Ethical approval was obtained, and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Of the 200 participants, 101 valid responses were analyzed. The average age was 22.15 ± 3.4 years, with females constituting 65.3% of the sample. A high percentage (77.2%) recognized that tattoos could pose health risks. Awareness of infectious complications like HIV and hepatitis was high (83.2%), but fewer respondents (64.4%) were aware of non-infectious risks such as scarring and allergic reactions. While 82.2% had tattoos, only 30.7% signed informed consent before the procedure. Notably, 22.8% reported complications following tattooing. Despite good awareness of infectious tattoo-related risks, knowledge of non-infectious complications and safe practices remains suboptimal among university students. There is a pressing need for educational interventions and stricter health regulations concerning body art practices within and around academic environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hassan Okosun Blackie, Clementina Onome Ogbe, Joseph Raymond Enoghase, Fumilayo Faustina Blackie, Onojiasike Dominic Inegbenehi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
KAP Study Assessing Infection Prevention Among Healthcare Professionals in the Western Region, Saudi Arabia
Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) remain a significant global health concern, contributing to increased morbidity, prolonged hospital stays, and rising healthcare costs. Adherence to infection prevention and control (IPC) practices by healthcare workers (HCWs) is critical to reducing these risks. To evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of HCWs in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia regarding IPC. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 780 HCWs, including physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and allied health staff from multiple hospital departments. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire assessing demographics, knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward IPC. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis were performed to identify predictors of compliance. Most participants demonstrated good knowledge of hand hygiene (92%) and WHO IPC guidelines (88%), though gaps persisted in knowledge of sterilization protocols (68%). Attitudes were generally positive, with 88% identifying IPC as highly important and 84% emphasizing the role of leadership support. However, practices were inconsistent: 80% reported updating practices according to new IPC guidelines, only 56% conducted regular IPC assessments, and just 20% consistently reported non-compliance. Logistic regression analysis showed that availability of PPE (OR = 3.6), prior IPC training (OR = 2.0), confidence in applying IPC measures (OR = 2.5), and longer work experience (OR = 2.8) were significant predictors of adherence. HCWs in Western Saudi Arabia demonstrate strong knowledge and positive attitudes toward IPC but suboptimal compliance in practice. Continuous training, supportive leadership, and systematic institutional audits are essential to strengthen adherence and reduce the burden of HAIs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dalia Gaber, Hanaa Bali, Eman Aljohani, Mansour Al-Johani, Safaa Mashhadis, Eman Hamed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Principles of viral vector-based gene therapy – A Literature Review
Over the past four decades, advances in molecular biology have transformed the role of viruses, shifting them from a commonly assigned “villain” role to key players in sophisticated therapeutic strategies. Viral vector-based gene therapy arises from the detailed study of these organisms, combined with continuous improvements in molecular biology techniques, aiming to expand the therapeutic scope for conditions closely linked to genetic dysfunctions and infectious diseases lacking effective conventional treatments. Gene therapy introduces a new paradigm in vaccine development: genetic vaccines, which, by exploiting complex gene transfer and regulation mechanisms, can induce not only specific immune responses but also systemic and intricate physiological changes, broadening therapeutic approaches for various diseases. This review aims to consolidate fundamental virological knowledge supporting the use of viruses in gene therapy, as well as to present the most prominent viral vectors employed to date and their respective clinical applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Leandro Alves Inojosa Filho, Beatriz de Albuquerque Vilar, Gabriela Souto Vieira de Mello https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Repositioning Anatomists in Nigeria for National Development: Challenges and Policy Perspectives, Beyond the Morgue and Classroom
Anatomists in Nigeria continue to be perceived primarily as educators and custodians of cadavers—roles rooted in colonial medical traditions. This limited view has obscured the wider relevance of anatomical science in national development. In contrast, global practice now positions Anatomists as integral contributors to surgical training, forensic investigation, biomedical innovation, and public-health research. This paper, titled Repositioning Anatomists in Nigeria for National Development: Challenges and Policy Perspectives, Beyond the Morgue and Classroom, critically examines the socio-institutional and legal factors that confine Nigerian Anatomists to narrow professional roles. It adopts a narrative literature review and policy-analysis approach to evaluate global best practices, identify structural barriers, and propose actionable reforms for Nigeria. Key findings reveal persistent stereotypes, outdated curricula, inadequate policy recognition, and the continued enforcement of the obsolete Anatomy Act 1933, while the proposed Anatomy Bill 2021, which would empower Anatomists through professional regulation and broader practice rights remains unpassed. The paper calls for curriculum modernization, policy advocacy, interprofessional collaboration, and the establishment of a functional Anatomy Council of Nigeria. Repositioning the discipline beyond the morgue and classroom is essential for integrating Anatomists into clinical, forensic, research, and technological sectors. Doing so will not only elevate the profession but also strengthen Nigeria’s healthcare, innovation, and scientific-development capacity for the 21st century.
Copyright (c) 2025 Joseph Raymond Enoghase, JohnFavour Ehijiagbon Aig-Unuigbe, Ilefeghian Brownson Osarinmwian, Christabel Chioma Onyemechi, Adaeze Christabel Olisemeke https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Trichomonas vaginalis and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): an integrative literature review
Trichomonas vaginalis is the parasite that causes trichomoniasis, a non-viral sexually transmitted infection that is widely prevalent worldwide and mostly affects women. The disease is transmitted mainly through unprotected sexual contact and is asymptomatic in most cases. Given the studies that point to T. vaginalis infection and a greater susceptibility to other sexually transmitted diseases, the aim of this study was to relate this disease to a greater susceptibility to HIV and to present scientific data that can be used to formulate prevention methodologies for both infections. An integrative literature review was carried out, covering the period from 2005 to 2021, based on articles indexed in the SciELO, Pubmed and LILACS databases. The descriptors chosen, according to the classification of health sciences descriptors (DeCS) were: “Trichomonas vaginalis”, ‘HIV’ and “Human Immunodeficiency”, combined in English, Portuguese and Spanish. The searches were conducted based on a guiding question and the articles were selected using pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Based on the results, it was observed that the main variables related to both infections were: female gender; white and black race/color; being pregnant; single, divorced and widowed marital status; low schooling and income and behavioral variables (multiple sexual partners and alcohol abuse). In relation to the guiding question of the review, it was possible to conclude that the presence of T. vaginalis infection increases the risk of the individual becoming infected with HIV and vice-versa, and that interventions and methodologies aimed at knowledge and prevention of both diseases are necessary.
Copyright (c) 2025 Health and Biosciences
Habits and level of knowledge of the school population in the northern region of Espírito Santo about intestinal parasites
Although the mortality rate from parasitic diseases has fallen significantly in recent years, the morbidity rate is still a problem for the Brazilian population. There are often many asymptomatic cases, making it difficult to detect the infection, which contributes to a false expectation of improvement. The aim of this study was to assess the level of knowledge of students at a higher education institution in relation to intestinal parasitosis. Students who agreed to take part signed an informed consent form and answered a questionnaire containing personal information and questions about diet, hygiene and health status. A total of 119 students answered the questionnaire and those belonging to the Computer Science, Production Engineering and Pharmacy courses showed greater knowledge about intestinal parasites, how to avoid them, as well as the proper preparation of food and the consumption of filtered water. Considering the family income of those interviewed, it was observed that the students whose families earn more than 5 minimum wages were the ones who carried out the most parasitological tests, as well as having no positive results for parasitic contamination. Giardia lamblia, Ascaris lumbricoides and Endolimax nana were the parasites reported by the students and the population with nail-biting habits had the highest rate of parasitological contamination. The results indicate that habits, socio-economic conditions and knowledge of parasite transmission processes are extremely important for targeting and developing strategies for students in order to reduce the prevalence of diseases.
Homeless population in the municipality of Belo Horizonte from the perspective of the Consultório na Rua: socioeconomic and health characterization of the individuals assisted
The homeless population is characterized by conditions of extreme poverty, fragile family ties and lack of regular housing. In Belo Horizonte, Consultório na Rua provides comprehensive health care to this population. The aim of this study was to characterize the homeless population in the municipality of Belo Horizonte served by Consultório na Rua, considering socioeconomic and health aspects, through the data collected. This is a descriptive, cross-sectional and observational study, based on the analysis of data from the Networked Health System and the Consultório na Rua's internal monitoring database. Descriptive statistics were analyzed using R software, and the results were presented in frequency tables. We found a predominantly male population, of working age and black and brown skin color, with a high prevalence of psychoactive substance use and mental and behavioral disorders. We conclude that the Consultório na Rua represents an important service for people living on the streets, meeting the demands and specificities of this population through its inclusive and humanized approach, respecting diversity and providing comprehensive care. It is recommended that these teams be strengthened and expanded, as well as improving the processes for collecting information on care for this population. These measures aim to improve monitoring and consequently the formulation of specific and more effective public policies for this group.
Experience report: an inquiry-based instructional sequence on arthropods in high school
This experience report aimed to investigate how an instructional sequence grounded in Inquiry-Based Learning (IBL) can contribute to the development of scientific competencies and pro-conservation attitudes among high-school students, thereby addressing gaps identified in environmental and zoological education. The intervention was carried out with two final-year classes at a public high school in Serra (ES), Brazil, involving 45 students aged 16–18. The methodology comprised four 2-hour meetings: (1) problematization of global arthropod declines and hypothesis formulation; (2) field sampling in green areas surrounding the school using pitfall traps and manual capture; (3) taxonomic analysis and a structured debate on anthropogenic impacts; and (4) planning of conservation actions for the school surroundings. Data were collected through field notebooks, collaborative murals and pre- and post-intervention questionnaires, and were analyzed quantitatively (mean correct answers in conceptual assessments) and qualitatively using Content Analysis. Results showed an increase in mean correct answers from 48% (pre-test) to 90% (post-test) and the emergence of attitudinal categories such as empathy toward arthropods, ecological awareness and motivation for conservation. Improvements were also observed in evidence-based argumentation skills and student protagonism. We conclude that the use of IBL and active methodologies combined with fieldwork and structured debate strengthens concept consolidation and the promotion of socio-environmental attitudes even in contexts of limited resources. For future implementations, we recommend expanding technical-scientific partnerships, integrating citizen-science platforms, and conducting longitudinal follow-up of the proposed conservation actions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lucas Vale, Dalana Campos Muscardi, Juliana Castro Monteiro Pirovani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Environmental Education and the Problem of Flooding in the Municipality of Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil
Flooding represents a recurring socio-environmental problem in the municipality of Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil, exacerbated by unplanned urbanization, inadequate waste disposal, and deficient urban infrastructure. Given this scenario, this study aimed to promote a pedagogical intervention in high school, combining Critical Environmental Education (CEA) with the Science, Technology, Society, and Environment (CTSA) approach, to stimulate student reflection on the causes, impacts, and possible solutions for flooding in the municipality. The methodology adopted was a mixed one, involving questionnaires, debates, historical data collection, hypothesis formulation and verification, and the production of educational materials. The results demonstrated increased student awareness of the local impacts of flooding, as well as the identification of causes such as poor urban drainage, waste disposal, and climate change. The development of community intervention proposals was also observed, demonstrating progress in students' critical thinking and scientific literacy. It is concluded that inquiry-based teaching, combined with the critical perspective of Environmental Education, fosters the development of conscious individuals capable of proposing alternatives to address real socio-environmental challenges.
Copyright (c) 2025 Thaina Miranda de Santana Freitas, Diógina Barata https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
What lies behind the strength, sensitivity, and precision of the human hand?
The teaching of Biology is often considered challenging for students due to the complexity of scientific terms and the difficulty of visually representing structures and processes. Furthermore, teacher-centered approaches contribute to weaknesses in teaching practice. Addressing this content through an investigative approach provides students with a more contextualized and, therefore, more meaningful understanding. This report aimed to describe the teaching actions and impressions from an investigative activity in which students were invited to identify the tissues that make up the hand, investigate their integration, and understand the contribution of each to the different characteristics of the human hand. Five fifty-minute lessons were used, during which students were divided into three groups and carried out the following activities: formulating hypothesis based on a guiding question - which gave the title to this report - preparing questions for an interview with a healthcare professional, comparing data, and presenting the results obtained. Despite some challenges, such as the novelty of investigative activity, difficulty in maintaining focus, and developing independent thinking, students concluded that hand strength is influenced by several factors, including anatomy, physiology, and the nervous system. Muscles, tendons, and ligaments that make up the hands, the nervous system that controls movements, muscle size and composition, training and practice of activities involving hand use, genetics, and the individual’s overall health were identified as key elements.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maraiza de Souza Salomão Cibien, Karina Carvalho Mancini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Indiscriminate use of the morning-after pill: consumption, frequency, motivations and knowledge of high school students
The morning-after pill is an emergency contraceptive method used to prevent pregnancy after unprotected sex or failure of another method. Its excessive use can carry health risks and reduce long-term effectiveness. This study aimed to understand the perception and knowledge of students about the use of the morning-after pill, to investigate the motivations for the consumption of this contraceptive method and to promote critical reflection on sex education. Conducted with students in the 2nd grade of high school, in the initial phase, the students raised hypotheses about the main factors that lead to the prolonged use of emergency contraception. In the second stage, data were collected through questionnaires applied to 3rd grade students, divided by gender. An analysis of the results revealed that, for girls, the most frequent reasons for using the pill were related to unprotected intercourse, followed by failure on the regular contraceptive method. Among the boys, most had not asked their partners to use the method, and most demonstrated knowledge about the pill, but without using the method preventively. The discussion of the data led to a reflection on the lack of formal sex education and the need for greater awareness about the risks of frequent use of the pill. In conclusion, the study reinforces the urgent need for educational programs that promote the responsible use of contraception and the dissemination of clear and accessible information.
Copyright (c) 2025 Solange Santos Silva, Marco Antônio Andrade de Souza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Why do people change their smartphones, even if they are in perfect working order?
This article presents an experience report of an investigative teaching sequence applied in an elementary and middle school in the municipality of Rio Bananal, Espírito Santo, Brazil. The aim was to help students understand the real reason behind smartphone consumption, with an emphasis on youth consumption, identifying companies' planned obsolescence actions and the environmental and social consequences of this type of sales strategy. The data were collected through the application of an investigative teaching sequence in a high school class, where students conducted research on the concept of planned obsolescence, associating the data with the frequency of cell phone replacement by young people. In addition, a self-assessment of their own consumption was carried out, identifying the influence of this behavior on youth self-esteem and the environmental impacts related to the induced consumption of various products through planned obsolescence. At the end of the classes, the adolescents were able to identify how they are induced to consume, as well as the damage that misguided consumerism causes to their self-esteem. In addition, they were able to produce materials to raise awareness among other young people about the issue.
Copyright (c) 2025 Carolina Diniz Silva Marchiore, Marcos da Cunha Teixeira, Diógina Barata https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The objective of this study was to identify high school students' perceptions, through inquiry-based learning, about electricity consumption and its relationship with the environment, as well as to promote awareness of the importance of conscious use for society as a whole, involving economic issues and sustainability. Initially, knowledge was constructed through a cooperative learning approach on the concepts of energy, its forms of production, and impacts on the environment, which was important to connect them to the topic. Based on their prior knowledge, students thought and discussed the importance of conscious consumption for the environment, reflected on their behavior regarding energy consumption, and related the appliances that, in their view, are the main responsible for the highest energy consumption in their residence. Most students believed that lamps and refrigerators were the main appliances related to energy consumption. After data collection, the information was analyzed, and students were able to compare it to the hypotheses previously developed. The results obtained highlight that, although the construction of knowledge about the types of energy and their impact on the environment has had a considerable effectiveness, it is important to think about the use of methodologies that are capable of building a more solid knowledge about the concept and consumption of electricity, as well as promoting understanding of the distinction between the use of water and the use of energy, since at various times the two situations were considered the same problem.
Copyright (c) 2025 Priscila Ruberti Berteli Alves, Viviana Borges Corte https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Teaching gene expression: an experience report with an investigative approach
The teaching of subjects such as genetics and molecular biology faces significant challenges in the current educational context, especially when it comes to understanding complex topics such as gene expression. Educators need to update their teaching practices to promote more meaningful learning that goes beyond the mere transmission of information. The complexity of content such as gene expression, which involves fundamental concepts ranging from DNA structure to protein synthesis, is crucial to understanding biological processes and must be addressed in an accessible and contextualized manner. Authors highlight the need for more interactive and contextualized pedagogical approaches that stimulate students' curiosity and promote meaningful learning. Inquiry-based teaching, for example, allows students to formulate hypotheses and investigate, promoting more dynamic and meaningful learning. Thus, this report describes a teaching sequence applied in a 11th-grade class at a public state school, based on an investigative approach. The activity sought to stimulate hypothesis formulation using playful and accessible resources and guided discussions. The results indicated that, despite initial difficulties, students demonstrated conceptual advances and growing engagement, demonstrating the potential for effective inquiry-based teaching in the development of scientific and critical thinking.
Copyright (c) 2025 Samara Cáo Paixão, Débora Barreto Teresa Gradella https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Microplastics in the human body: an investigative path in high school to raise environmental awareness
This experience report describes an investigative didactic sequence carried out with a 10th grade class in a public high school in Espírito Santo, Brazil, focusing on the issue of microplastics in the human body. The proposal was guided by the question “How do microplastics enter our bodies?”, integrating ecology, public health, and environmental education. The methodology comprised three main stages: (i) brainstorming, to raise initial hypotheses; (ii) flipped classroom, in which students conducted research using different information sources and presented their findings in class; and (iii) production of infographics, aimed at systematizing and creatively expressing the knowledge constructed. Qualitative data analysis, based on the Meaning Cores technique, revealed three interpretative axes: perplexity in the face of the invisible, when students expressed surprise at the possibility of internal contamination by microplastics; the body as a space of contamination, as they connected the topic to their daily lives and health; and critical responsibility, with signs of reflective and proactive stances toward the environmental issue. The results show that inquiry-based teaching fostered greater engagement, student protagonism, and critical appropriation of scientific concepts, although gaps were observed in mobilizing previously studied notions such as bioaccumulation. The experience contributed to scientific literacy by establishing meaningful connections between science, environment, and society, reinforcing the importance of active methodologies in Biology teaching for the formation of critical and responsible individuals.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vanessa da Penha Gomes Salarolli, Dalana Campos Muscardi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigating the pathway of hydrocyanide gas from inhalation to cell death: an experience report with high school students
This experience report presents the results of a lesson plan implemented with third-year high school students enrolled in the “Sports, Science and its Languages” elective track, aiming to promote meaningful learning about cellular respiration and the effects of cyanide poisoning. The pedagogical proposal integrated active methodologies - inquiry-based learning and dramatization (Role Play) - in a sequence of nine lessons, beginning with a problem situation based on the Boate Kiss nightclub tragedy. The activities included hypothesis formulation, teacher-created simulations to represent gas transport in the bloodstream, and dramatizations of the electron transport chain, highlighting the blockage caused by cyanide. This approach led to greater student engagement, fostering a systemic understanding of cellular biochemical processes and connecting science to real-life contexts, while also emphasizing the teacher’s mediating role when dealing with complex content. The results suggest that contextualization combined with interactive methodologies can overcome conceptual difficulties and make biochemistry teaching more meaningful and accessible.
Copyright (c) 2025 Renata Carrara Torri, Marco Antônio Andrade de Souza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Stability of drugs and medicines: a historical analysis of strategies for determining shelf life
The development of the pharmaceutical industry has been strongly influenced by changes in drug stability techniques and laws. Since the first regulations, which focused mainly on the efficacy and safety of pharmaceutical products, there has been significant progress in the evaluation and control of stability. In the beginning, drug stability assessments were simpler and based on basic physical and chemical tests. The incorporation of new methodologies and guidelines allowed more detailed and accurate chemical analyses for APIs and degradation products. The objective of this work is to analyze the changes in practices and legislation on drugs and medicines stability, assessing their impact on the safety and quality of pharmaceutical products. This is a narrative review where data collection was carried out in the year 2024, including research that was presented in the SciElo and PubMed databases. The articles and texts used in the review were selected based on their publication date and relevance to the proposed topic. This study is necessary to understand the changes in practices and legislation related to drugs and medicines stability, as these changes have a direct impact on the safety, efficacy and quality of pharmaceutical products. Therefore, analysis of current standards and practices is essential to ensure compliance and innovation in drug development.
Copyright (c) 2024 Health and Biosciences
Identification of risk factors for the development of metabolic syndrome in students at a Higher Education Institution in Espírito Santo
Metabolic Syndrome (MS) is a set of changes that increase the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. According to some studies, the frequency of MS found in university students is currently considerably low, however, increases in risk factors associated with MS have been increasingly frequent in this population. This study investigated the frequency of risk factors for MS in students at a higher education institution in the state of Espírito Santo, based on anthropometric and biochemical data. An analytical cross-sectional research was carried out involving 57 students from a variety of courses, aged between 18 and 37 years old. Personal and lifestyle data were obtained using an online form and biological material was collection at the institution itself. The results indicated that 10.5% of university students had already been diagnosed with metabolic syndrome, suggesting a slightly high percentage. There was also a high incidence of increases in blood pressure (33.3%), total cholesterol (40.3%) and waist circumference (14%), together with a decrease in HDL-cholesterol (15.8%), demonstrating the need for preventive actions to avoid the development of metabolic and cardiovascular complications later in life, as well as the implementation of measures to aid early diagnosis. Given this scenario, it is essential create programs that encourage physical activity and promote the adoption of healthy eating habits.
Leprosy: Immunological Aspects and Diagnostic Methods - a review
Leprosy is an infectious, transmissible, chronic disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Genetic, immunological and environmental aspects determine individual susceptibility to the bacillus and explain the progression and/or regression of the disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate and understand the immunological aspects of leprosy and how they can influence the diagnosis. Six articles related to the immunological characteristics of leprosy and four articles related to diagnostic methods were selected. The results demonstrate that increased expression of the “Toll Like 4” receptor in neutrophils is a universal biomarker. Susceptibility to leprosy poles was demonstrated by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the promoter region of DC-SIGN CD209, IL-17A gene and vitamin D receptor (VDR) in the FokI, TaqI and ApaI regions. There was an increase in the expression of the transcription factor FOXP3 in multibacillary patients and during type 1 reactions. Regarding the diagnosis by antibody detection, the NDO-LID conjugate showed greater sensitivity than NDO-BSA and LID-1 separately. The ML-Flow rapid test had a high level of positivity, but most paucibacillary patients do not develop detectable antibodies and are not diagnosed by this method. Regarding the investigation of M. leprae DNA, ISSR-PCR proved to be a more effective method than RLEP-PCR and bacilloscopy. Thus, it can be concluded that the immune system is closely related to the development of leprosy. The analysis of the methods makes it clear that the use of antigens for antibody detection and the analysis of M. leprae DNA are effective and rapid when compared with bacilloscopy.
In silico study of the pharmacological, toxicological activities of the secondary compounds of Zingiber officinale Roscoe and analysis of their possible interactions with targets of the inflammatory process
Data obtained in 195 countries in 2017 revealed that asthma reached 43.12 million new cases/year and that anti-inflammatory medications, antihistamines and sometimes medicinal plants, such as ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), are used to treat this pathology. The objective of this study was to analyze the pharmacological and toxicological profile, in silico, of the main secondary compounds of Zingiber officinale Roscoe and the molecular interactions with pharmacological targets of importance in the inflammatory process. To this end, we searched for chemical structures and activities of the compounds with scientific evidence, pharmacokinetic and toxicological evaluations, in silico, on online servers, as well as molecular docking. Twelve molecules were used, with emphasis on gingerols, paradol and shogaols, as they are the main compounds of the rhizome in quantity and pharmacological action, which presented a relevant percentage of affinity for 5LOX, according to the SwissTarget Prediction platform. The preADMET platform also showed favorable ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and intestinal absorption, as well as high binding to plasma proteins. In addition, the main secondary compounds did not inhibit CYP3A4, did not show mutagenic potential in the Ames Test, presented moderate and low LD50 and low arrhythmogenic index, in addition to a moderate probability of carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, nephrotoxicity and toxicity in the respiratory system by ProTox III. The secondary compounds 6-shogaol and 6-paradol showed a higher probability of binding to the 5LOX target and demonstrated, statistically, similar docking to zileuton, favorable physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties for oral use, in addition to the less toxic profile when compared to the other compounds, although they have immunotoxic potential and carcinogenic potential in mice.
Trend and spatial distribution of pregnancy in adolescence in Espírito Santo
Teenage pregnancy profoundly affects the life trajectory of adolescents, representing a challenge for public policies. With the aim of analyzing the trend and spatial distribution of teenage pregnancy from 2005 to 2015 in Espírito Santo, an ecological study was carried out using the number of live births among women aged 10 to 19 years (divided into groups: 10 to 14 and 15 to 19) per year of study and municipality available in the Department of Health Informatics (DATASUS). The incidence was calculated for the state, for the health regions (North, Central, Metropolitan, and South), and for the seventy-eight municipalities that make up the state. Trend analysis was performed by health region and age group, and subsequently, spatial distribution was carried out. Municipalities with the highest average coefficient of teenage pregnancy are mostly concentrated in the northern region of the state. Among 10 to 14-year-olds, the Metropolitan and Southern regions show a significant increasing trend in teenage pregnancy rates over time, while among 15 to 19-year-olds, the Northern region shows a significant decreasing trend in rates. Despite the reduction, the Northern region remained with the highest rates. Spatial analysis revealed a homogeneous cluster of cases especially in the Northern region. In Espírito Santo, the highest rates of teenage pregnancy are in the North region which has the most unfavorable socioeconomic conditions in the state and is also a priority area for interventions aimed at preventing unplanned teenage pregnancies.
Smartphones as potential vehicles for transmitting intestinal parasites: an approach for elementary school students
This work aimed to identify biological forms of intestinal parasites on smartphones of students in the city of Diamantina (Minas Gerais, Brazil). Two classes from the 9th year of elementar school were selected, one class belonging to the public school and the other to the private school. In November 2023, samples were collected using the Graham method adapted for the smartphone screen. In total, 34 samples were collected (18 from public school and 16 from private school). Cysts of the Entamoeba coli species were the most frequent biological forms (32.3%), followed by Endolimax nana cysts (20.5%), Iodamoeba butschlii cysts (5.8%) and Enterobius vermicularis eggs (5.8%). Smartphones have demonstrated the potential ability to disseminate infectious forms of intestinal parasites, further highlighting the importance of reinforcing hand hygiene practices to reduce the risk of transmission of enteroparasitosis.
Gustavo Henrique Bahia de Oliveira Bahia-de-Oliveira
Parasitological research in a municipal early childhood education center in the city of Jaguaré, Espírito Santo, Brazil
Parasitic diseases, especially enteroparasitoses, represent a significant public health problem. In order to assess the presence of parasitic forms in the sand of a children's recreation park at a school in the municipality of Jaguaré, Espírito Santo, Brazil, samples were collected between December 2021 and February 2022 and analyzed using the Willis technique at the Laboratory of Parasitology and Clinical Hematology of the Federal University of Espírito Santo, São Mateus campus. A total of 15 samples were collected, and 150 slides were analyzed. Among the analyzed sand samples, a positive frequency of 100% was observed for Ascaris lumbricoides eggs, 80% for Trichuris trichiura eggs, and Ancylostoma sp. larvae, and 40% for Ancylostoma sp. eggs. The results reveal a high level of contamination in the sand of the children's recreational park, underscoring the need for preventive and control measures.
Copyright (c) 2023 Health and Biosciences
Identificação parasitológica em alfaces de cultivo tradicional e hidropônico em Nova Venécia-ES
O consumo de hortaliças sem higienização oferece um potencial risco à saúde, uma vez que podem conter formas parasitárias de protozoários e helmintos, servindo como via de transmissão para diversas parasitoses intestinais, especialmente quando consumidas cruas. Dentre os principais sintomas das enteroparasitoses estão diarreia, anemia, hemorragias, desequilíbrios nutricionais e em casos mais graves, óbito do indivíduo infectado. No Brasil, as doenças parasitárias são consideradas de alta prevalência, principalmente pelas condições precárias de saneamento básico em algumas regiões. O estudo visou identificar formas parasitárias presentes nas alfaces de cultivo tradicional e hidropônico, adquiridas em duas propriedades do municípios de Nova Venécia, Espírito Santo, Brasil. As hortaliças coletadas foram acondicionadas em sacos plásticos de primeiro uso e analisadas no laboratório Municipal João Geraldo Coser em Nova Venécia, utilizando o método de sedimentação espontânea com adaptação para vegetais. Das 100 amostras analisadas, 46 (46%) apresentavam positividade para alguma forma parasitária. Dentre os parasitos mais prevalentes, destacam-se os helmintos Strongyloides sp. (54,35%) e o protozoário Balantidium coli (26,08%). As altas contaminações por enteroparasitos observadas no estudo demonstram baixa qualidade higiênico-sanitária nas hortaliças e ressalta a importância de medidas voltadas à melhorias na produção e manipulação das verduras, a fim de garantir uma melhor qualidade de vida dos consumidores.