Conceituando espécie: uma discussão a partir do quadro conceitual de Darwin

Matheus de Mesquita Silveira; Heloísa Allgayer

doi:10.47456/sofia.v14i1.47718

Auteur/ices

Matheus de Mesquita Silveira UNISINOS – Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5774-6554
Heloísa Allgayer SAP Labs Brasil https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2597-6750

DOI :

https://doi.org/10.47456/sofia.v14i1.47718

Mots-clés :

Darwin, espécie, evolucionismo, morfologia, fisiologia

Résumé

Este artigo investiga o conceito darwiniano de espécie e suas consequências para a classificação dos seres vivos. Em sua formulação da teoria evolutiva, Darwin (1872) introduz o conceito de espécie enquanto segmentos de linhagens populacionais. Nessa perspectiva, a seleção natural atua de forma gradual e produz ligeiras variações nos indivíduos através do tempo. O autor vincula o componente evolutivo com a ideia de que a espécie consiste numa classificação taxonômica, na qual variações bem demarcadas são o critério central para classificar as linhagens descendentes. Formulações posteriores do evolucionismo mantiveram tais componentes, mas buscaram substituir o critério de classificação por bases mais objetivas. O resultado foi uma proliferação de definições e consequente controvérsia sobre o tema. Argumentar-se-á que inadequações históricas sobre a definição de Darwin contribuíram para o surgimento dessa discussão. Em conclusão, será desenvolvido um argumento a favor do princípio de seleção natural com base na discussão entre fisiologia e morfologia enquanto mecanismos para o surgimento de novas espécies.

Biographies des auteurs

Matheus de Mesquita Silveira, UNISINOS – Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos

Professor do PPG Filosofia na Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (2024-atual); Coordenador do grupo X-Lab: philosophy, ethology and cognition (2015-atual); Pesquisador associado no International Wolf Center (2011-atual); Pós-Doutor em Etologia pelo International Wolf Center, Doutor em filosofia pela Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos com intercâmbio na City University of New York; Mestre em filosofia pela Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos com intercâmbio na Universidad de Buenos Aires; Bacharel e Licenciado em filosofia pela Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos; Especialização em etologia de canídeos pelo International Wolf Center.
Heloísa Allgayer, SAP Labs Brasil

Custom Code Management BTP ABAP na SAP Labs Brasil (2023-atual); Pesquisadora associada a Associação Brasileira de Filosofia e História da Biologia; Pós-Doutora em Filosofia pela Universidade de Caxias do Sul; Doutora em biologia pela Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Mestre em filosofia pela Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos; Bacharel e Licenciada em biologia pela Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos; Especialização em Big Data, Data Science e Data Analytics.

Références

BATES, H. W. 1863. A naturalist on the river Amazons. In: Busk, G.; Currey, F. Huxley, T. H.; McDonnell, R.; Sclater, P. L.; Carpenter, W. B.; Reay Greene, J.; Lubbock, J.; Oliver, D.; Thomson, W.; Wright, E. P. (eds.) The Natural History Review: a Quarterly Journal of Biological Sciences. London: Hodges & Smith, 385-389.

BATESON, W. 1913. Problems of Genetics. New Haven: Yale University Press.

BATESON, W. 1922. Evolutionary faith and modern doubts. Science 55: 55-61.

BIRCHLER, J. A.; YAO, H.; Chudalayandi, S.; Vaiman, D.; Veitia, R. A. 2010. Heterosis. Plant Cell. 22: 2105-2112.

BLAIR, W. F. 1955. Mating call and stage of speciation in the Microhylid olivacea - M. carolinensis complex. Evolution 9: 469-480.

BUFFON, G. L. 1764. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Paris: Honoré Champion.

CHETVERIKOV, S. S. 1926. О некоторых моментах эволюционного процесса с точки зрения современной генетики. Journal of Experimental Biology, Series A 2: 3–54.

COYNE, J.A. & ORR, H. A. 2004. Speciation. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates.

CRACRAFT. J. 1989. Speciation and its ontology: the empirical consequences of alternative species concepts for understanding patterns and processes of differentiation. In: Otte, D.; Endler, J.A.; (eds.) Speciation and its Consequences. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates, 28-59.

CURTSINGER, J. W. 2001. Senescence: Genetic Theories. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, p. 13897–13902.

DARWIN, C. 1871. The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. London: John Murray.

DARWIN, C. 1872. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray.

DASMAHAPATRA, K. K.; ELIAS, M.; HILL, R. I.; HOFFMANN, J. I.; MALLET, J. 2010. Mitochondrial DNA barcoding detects some species that are real, and some that are not. Molecular Ecology Resources 10: 264-273.

DOBZHANSKY, T. 1937. Genetics and the Origin of Species. New York: Columbia University Press.

DRÈS, M.; MALLET, J. 2002. Host races in plant-feeding insects and their importance in sympatric speciation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 357: 471-492.

FARIA, L. C. B. 2011. Existências de Códigos Corretores de Erros e Protocolos de Comunicação em Sequencias de DNA. Tese (Doutorado em Engenharia Elétrica) - Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação, Universidade Estadual de Campinas-SP.

GAVRILETS, S. 2004. Fitness Landscapes and the Origin of Species. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

GRANT, V. 1966. The selective origin of incompatibility barriers in the plant genus, Gilia. American Naturalist 100: 99-118.

HENDRY, A. P.; NOSIL, P.; RIESEBERG, L. H. 2007. The speed of ecological speciation. Functional Ecology 21: 455-464.

HILÁRIO, S.; GONÇALVES, M. F. M.; ALVES, A. 2021. Using Genealogical Concordance and Coalescent-Based Species Delimitation to Assess Species Boundaries in the Diaporthe eres Complex. Journal of Fungi 7: 507.

HOELZEL, A. R.; HEY, J.; DAHLHEIM, M. E.; NICHOLSON, C.; BURKANOV, V.; BLACK, N. 2007. Evolution of population structure in a highly social top predator, the killer whale. Molecular Biology and Evolution 24: 1407-1415.

HUELSENBECK, J. P.; ANDOLFATTO, P. 2007. Inference of population structure under a Dirichlet process model. Genetics 175: 1787-1802.

HUXLEY, T.H. 1860. Darwin on the origin of species. Westminster Review 17: 541-570.

HUXLEY, T.H. 1887. On the reception of the 'Origin of Species'. In: Darwin, F. (ed.) The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin: Including an Autobiographical Chapter & Edited by his Son - Volume 2. London: John Murray, 179-204.

JOHNSON, N. A. 2008. Direct selection for reproductive isolation: the Wallace effect. In: Smith, C.H.; Beccaloni, G. (eds.) Natural Selection and Beyond: The Intellectual Legacy of Alfred Russell Wallace. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 114-124.

JORDAN, K. 1905. Der Gegensatz zwischen geographischer und nichtgeographischer Variation. Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie 83: 151-210.

KOTTLER, M. J. 1985. Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace: two decades of debate over natural selection. In: Kohn, D. (ed.) The Darwinian Heritage. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 367-432.

KREMENTSOV, N. L. 1994. Dobzhansky and Russian entomology: the origin of his ideas on species and speciation. In: Adams, M. B. (ed.) The Evolution of Theodosius Dobzhansky. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 31-48.

LOVEJOY, A. O. 1968. The argument for organic evolution before The Origin of Species, 1830-1858. In: Glass B, Temkin O, Straus WL, eds. Forerunners of Darwin: 1745-1859. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins Press, 356-414.

MALLET, J. 1995. A species definition for the Modern Synthesis. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 10: 294-299.

MALLET, J. 2008b. Mayr's view of Darwin: was Darwin wrong about speciation? Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society 95: 3-16.

MALLET, J. 2010a. Group selection and the development of the biological species concept. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 365: 1853-1863.

MALLET, J. 2010b. Why was Darwin's view of species rejected by 20th Century biologists? Biology and Philosophy 25: 497-527.

MAYR, E. 1963. Animal Species and Evolution. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

ORR, H. A. 2009. Testing natural selection. Scientific American 300: 44-51.

OWEN, R. 1859. On the classification and geographical distribution of the Mammalia, being the lecture on Sir Robert Reade's foundation, delivered before the University of Cambridge, in the Senate-House, May 10, 1859. To which is added an appendix "on the gorilla," and "on the extinction and transmutation of species". London: John Parker & Son.

PECCOUD, J.; OLLIVIER, A.; PLANTAGENEST, M.; SIMON, J. C. 2009. Adaptive radiation in the pea aphid complex through gradual cessation of gene flow. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106: 7495-7500.

PINZÓN, J. H.; LAJEUNESSE, T. C. 2011. Species delimitation of common reef corals in the genus Pocillopora using nucleotide sequence phylogenies, population genetics and symbiosis ecology. Molecular Ecology 20:311-25.

PRITCHARD, J. K.; STEPHENS, M.; DONNELLY, P. 2000. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics 155: 945-959.

REGNER, A. C. K. 2006. The evolution of the philosophy of biology. Biology and Philosophy 21: 437–442.

RICE, W. R. 1984. Disruptive selection on habitat preference and the evolution of reproductive isolation: a simulation study. Evolution 38, 1251–1260.

ROMANES, G. J. 1886. Physiological selection; an additional suggestion on the Origin of Species. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology 19: 337-411.

RUSE, M. 1987. Biological species: natural kinds, individuals, or what? British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 38: 225-242.

WAGNER, M. 1868. Darwin'sche theorie und das migrationsgesetz der organismen. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot.

WALLACE, A. R. 1889. Darwinism: an exposition of the theory of natural selection with some of its applications. London: Macmillan & Co.

WALLACE, A. R. 1916. Alfred Russel Wallace: letters and reminiscences. Ed. J. Marchant. New York: Harper.

WEISROCK, D. W.; RASOLOARISON, R. M.; FIORENTINO, I.; RALISON, J. M.; GOODMAN, S. M.; KAPPELER, P. M.; YODER, A. D. 2010. Delimiting species without nuclear monophyly in Madagascar's mouse lemurs. PloS One 5: e9883.

WILSON, D. S.; WILSON, E. O. 2007. Rethinking the theoretical foundation of sociobiology. Quarterly Review of Biology 82: 327-348.

YANG, Z.; RANNALA, B. 2010. Bayesian species delimitation using multilocus sequence data. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107: 9264-9269.

ZENG, Y. F.; LIAO, W. J.; PETIT, R. J.; ZHANG, D. Y. 2010. Exploring species limits in two closely related Chinese oaks. PloS One 5: e15529.