Leprosy: Immunological Aspects and Diagnostic Methods - a review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47456/hb.v5i3.46657Keywords:
leprosy, Mycobacterium leprae, immunology, diagnosisAbstract
Leprosy is an infectious, transmissible, chronic disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Genetic, immunological and environmental aspects determine individual susceptibility to the bacillus and explain the progression and/or regression of the disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate and understand the immunological aspects of leprosy and how they can influence the diagnosis. Six articles related to the immunological characteristics of leprosy and four articles related to diagnostic methods were selected. The results demonstrate that increased expression of the “Toll Like 4” receptor in neutrophils is a universal biomarker. Susceptibility to leprosy poles was demonstrated by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the promoter region of DC-SIGN CD209, IL-17A gene and vitamin D receptor (VDR) in the FokI, TaqI and ApaI regions. There was an increase in the expression of the transcription factor FOXP3 in multibacillary patients and during type 1 reactions. Regarding the diagnosis by antibody detection, the NDO-LID conjugate showed greater sensitivity than NDO-BSA and LID-1 separately. The ML-Flow rapid test had a high level of positivity, but most paucibacillary patients do not develop detectable antibodies and are not diagnosed by this method. Regarding the investigation of M. leprae DNA, ISSR-PCR proved to be a more effective method than RLEP-PCR and bacilloscopy. Thus, it can be concluded that the immune system is closely related to the development of leprosy. The analysis of the methods makes it clear that the use of antigens for antibody detection and the analysis of M. leprae DNA are effective and rapid when compared with bacilloscopy.
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