Rethinking political participation in the face of democracy crises: challenges and possibilities from the Brazilian case

Abstract

This essay explores the relationship between new forms of political participation and the crisis of democracy, with a particular focus on recent developments in Brazil. The democratic crisis, exacerbated by governments such as that of Jair Bolsonaro (2019-2022), is analyzed through the lens of contributions from theorists such as Levitsky, Ziblatt, and Dahl. While Brazil has experienced new forms of civic engagement, including increased protests and social media participation, there has also been a decline in traditional political participation— such as voting and involvement in campaigns—revealing a growing mistrust in democratic institutions. Direct communication between voters and politicians, facilitated by social media, presents both opportunities and challenges, including the spread of misinformation and political polarization. The essay argues that rebuilding trust in democratic institutions requires the promotion of an inclusive civic culture and transparency in political relationships, particularly through civic education and media literacy. Revitalizing participatory mechanisms, such as participatory councils and the restructuring of governmental bodies, is seen as essential for restoring democratic legitimacy and overcoming social divisions. The analysis also highlights the paradoxes of political participation and the need for institutions to adapt to the demands of modernization and the evolving nature of political sociability.