Development of an IoT prototype for soil moisture monitoring in coffee farming
- Authors
-
-
Isadora Bernardo Rezende
Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA)
Author
-
Author
-
- Keywords:
- Precision Agriculture; Internet of Things (IoT); Real-Time Monitoring; Soil Moisture
- Abstract
-
Technology has expanded efficiency in agriculture, however, in Brazil there is still a significant disparity between highly technified farms and those with low adoption of technological solutions. In this context, the present study presents the development of an Internet of Things (IoT)-based prototype for monitoring soil moisture in coffee plantations, with the objective of providing an accessible and viable solution to support irrigation management in precision agriculture. The prototype uses a resistive soil moisture sensor, a microcontroller, a display, and an IoT platform to measure, visualize, and transmit soil moisture data in real time. The system development followed the five phases of the product development process: concept, planning, engineering, testing, and prototyping. Initial tests were conducted in a controlled environment, in which the system showed consistent readings and immediate responses to variations in soil moisture. It is concluded that the IoT prototype presents potential as a low-cost solution to support real-time monitoring of soil moisture in coffee crops. For future studies, the use of solar energy, integration with long-range communication networks, improvements in the calibration process, and the application of artificial intelligence techniques are recommended.
- Author Biographies
- References
-
Lira, R. V. de A., Freire, C. R., Da Silva, I. B. T., Neto, V. P. da S., de Oliveira, J. G. D., de Andrade, H. D., & Campos, A. L. P. de S. (2024). A compact CSRR-based microwave sensor for soil water content. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 370, 115211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2024.115211
Bambini, M. D., Bonacelli, M. B. M., HIGA, R., BONACELLI, M. B. M., & HIGA, R. H. (2018). Pesquisa agropecuária no contexto da e-science: monitoramento de temas e plataformas de data science.
Barbedo, J. G. A. & Meira, C. A. A. (2014). TIC na segurança fitossanitária das cadeias produtivas. Massruhá, S. M. F. S., Leite, M. A. de A., Luchiari Jr., A, 159-189.
Buainain, A. M., Alves, E., Silveira, J. M., & Navarro, Z. (2014). O mundo rural no Brasil do século 21. Embrapa: Brasília, Brazil.
Buainain, A. M., Cavalcante, P., & Consoline, L. (2021). Estado atual da agricultura digital no Brasil: inclusão dos agricultores familiares e pequenos produtores rurais (No. 46958). Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
Campbell, J. E. (1990). Dielectric properties and influence of conductivity in soils at one to fifty megahertz. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 54(2), 332-341.
Carvalho, N. G. P. (2019). Trabalho humano na indústria 4.0: percepções brasileiras e alemãs dos setores acadêmico e empresarial a respeito do trabalho de pessoas no novo modelo industrial (Doctoral dissertation, Universidade de São Paulo).
Cirani, C. B. S. & Moraes, M. A. F. D. D. (2010). Inovação na indústria sucroalcooleira paulista: os determinantes da adoção das tecnologias de agricultura de precisão. Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural, 48, 543-565.
Clark, K. B. (1991). Product development performance: strategy, organization, and management in the world auto industry.
Da Silva Gomes, C., Procópio, D. P., Arruda-Oliveira, J. C., Lima, H. J. D. A., & da Silva, R. B. B. (2024). Modernização agropecuária no Brasil. Revista em Agronegócio e Meio Ambiente, 17(4), e12845-e12845.
Earthdata NASA. (2024). Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS (AMSR-E). Recuperado de https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/data/instruments/amsr-e
Gerhardt, T. E. & Silveira, D. T. (2009). Métodos de pesquisa. Plageder.
Gil, A. C. & Vergara, S. C. (2015). Tipo de pesquisa. Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Rio Grande do Sul, 31.
Greco, R. & Guida, A. (2008). Field measurements of topsoil moisture profiles by vertical TDR probes. Journal of Hydrology, 348(3-4), 442-451.
Hermann, M., Pentek, T., & Otto, B. (2016, January). Design principles for industrie 4.0 scenarios. In 2016 49th Hawaii international conference on system sciences (HICSS) (pp. 3928-3937). IEEE.
Kerr, Y. H., Waldteufel, P., Wigneron, J. P., Delwart, S., Cabot, F., Boutin, J., ... & Mecklenburg, S. (2010). The SMOS mission: new tool for monitoring key elements ofthe global water cycle. Proceedings of the IEEE, 98(5), 666-687.
Khan, N., Ray, R. L., Sargani, G. R., Ihtisham, M., Khayyam, M., & Ismail, S. (2021). Current progress and future prospects of agriculture technology: gateway to sustainable agriculture. Sustainability, 13(9), 4883.
Kiehne, J. & Olaru, M. (2017). Implementing Industrie 4.0 strategies: beyond technical innovations. In Basiq International Conference: new trends in sustainable business and consumption (pp. 363-371).
Klerkx, L., Jakku, E., & Labarthe, P. (2019). A review of social science on digital agriculture, smart farming and agriculture 4.0: new contributions and a future research agenda. NJAS-Wageningen journal of life sciences, 90, 100315.
McColl, K. A., Alemohammad, S. H., Akbar, R., Konings, A. G., Yueh, S., & Entekhabi, D. (2017). The global distribution and dynamics of surface soil moisture. Nature Geoscience, 10(2), 100-104.
Mihret, Y. C., Takele, M. M., & Mintesinot, S. M. (2025). Advancements in agriculture 4.0 and the needs for introduction and adoption in Ethiopia: a review. Advances in Agriculture, 2025(1), 8828400.
Padhee, S. K., Nikam, B. R., Dutta, S., & Aggarwal, S. P. (2017). Using satellite-based soil moisture to detect and monitor spatiotemporal traces of agricultural drought over Bundelkhand region of India. GIScience & Remote Sensing, 54(2), 144-166.
Rozenfeld, H., Aguiar, A. S., Oliveira, C., & Omokawa, R. (1998). Development of a concurrent engineering scenario for educational purposes.
Rozenfeld, H. & Amaral, D. C. (2006). Gestão de projetos em desenvolvimento de produtos. São Paulo: Saraiva.
Salerno, M. S. (1999). Projeto de organizações integradas e flexíveis. São Paulo: Atlas, 11.
Saniuk, S., Grabowska, S., & Gajdzik, B. (2020). Personalization of products in the industry 4.0 concept and its impact on achieving a higher level of sustainable consumption. Energies, 13(22), 5895.
Santos, V. S. & Kienzle, J. (2020). Agriculture 4.0-agricultural robotics and automated equipment for sustainable crop production.
Schwab, K. (2016). The Fourth Industrial Revolution. Geneva: World Economic Forum, 2016.
Seneviratne, S. I., Corti, T., Davin, E. L., Hirschi, M., Jaeger, E. B., Lehner, I., ... & Teuling, A. J. (2010). Investigating soil moisture–climate interactions in a changing climate: A review. Earth-Science Reviews, 99(3-4), 125-161.
Silva Santos, N. C., & Da Silva, W. A. (2019). Desafios e possibilidades da sustentabilidade na agricultura. Revista GeoSertões, 4(7), 10-25.
Silveira, F., Barbedo, J. G. A., da Silva, S. L. C., & Amaral, F. G. (2023). Proposal for a framework to manage the barriers that hinder the development of agriculture 4.0 in the agricultural production chain. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 214, 108281.
Stephen, S., Alexander, K., Potter, L., & Palmer, X. L. (2023). Implications of cyberbiosecurity in advanced agriculture.
Thiollent, M. (2025). Metodologia da pesquisa-ação. Cortez editora.
Tortorella, G. L., & Fettermann, D. (2018). Implementation of Industry 4.0 and lean production in Brazilian manufacturing companies. International journal of production research, 56(8), 2975-2987.
Vereecken, H., Huisman, J. A., Pachepsky, Y., Montzka, C., Van Der Kruk, J., Bogena, H., ... & Vanderborght, J. (2014). On the spatio-temporal dynamics of soil moisture at the field scale. Journal of Hydrology, 516, 76-96.
Wang, W., Ertsen, M. W., Svoboda, M. D., & Hafeez, M. (2016). Propagation of drought: from meteorological drought to agricultural and hydrological drought.
Weyer, S., Schmitt, M., Ohmer, M., & Gorecky, D. (2015). Towards Industry 4.0-Standardization as the crucial challenge for highly modular, multi-vendor production systems. Ifac-Papersonline, 48(3), 579-584.
Wheelwright, S. C. & Clark, K. B. (1992). Revolutionizing product development: quantum leaps in speed, efficiency, and quality. Simon and Schuster.
Wigneron, J. P., Schmugge, T., Chanzy, A., Calvet, J. C., & Kerr, Y. H. (1998). Use of passive microwave remote sensing to monitor soil moisture. Agronomie, 18(1), 27-43.
Yazdinejad, A., Zolfaghari, B., Azmoodeh, A., Dehghantanha, A., Karimipour, H., Fraser, E., ... & Duncan, E. (2021). A review on security of smart farming and precision agriculture: Security aspects, attacks, threats and countermeasures. Applied Sciences, 11(16), 7518.
Zhang, D. & Zhou, G. (2016). Estimation of soil moisture from optical and thermal remote sensing: A review. Sensors, 16(8), 1308.
- Cover Image
-
- Downloads
- Published
- 2026-03-20
- Section
- AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
- License
-
Copyright (c) 2026 Rezende, I. B., & Vilela, F. F.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All works published in the Brazilian Journal of Production Engineering (BJPE) are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). This means that: Anyone can copy, distribute, display, adapt, remix, and even commercially use the content published in the journal; Provided that due credit is given to the authors and to BJPE as the original source; No additional permission is required for reuse, as long as the license terms are respected. This policy complies with the principles of open access, promoting the broad dissemination of scientific knowledge. 🔗 Click here to access the full license


2.png)







































