From static to dynamic: modular architecture for oculo-palpebral prostheses with natural movement
- Authors
-
-
Heitor Lara Cardoso
Universidade Federal de Catalão - UFCAT
Author
-
José Aguiomar Foggiatto
Universidade Federal de Catalão - UFCAT
Author
-
Marcelo Henrique Stoppa
Universidade Federal de Catalão - UFCAT
Author
-
João Manoel Nascimento Ferreira
Universidade Federal de Catalão - UFCAT
Author
-
- Keywords:
- Dynamic ocular prosthesis, modularity, assistive technology, blink detection, Uncanny Valley
- Abstract
-
The absence of dynamic movement, especially the lack of synchronized eyelid blinking, represents a fundamental limitation in conventional ocular prostheses, contributing to The Uncanny Valley phenomenon and hindering social acceptance. Therefore, this study evaluated the feasibility of developing an accessible bio-inspired system capable of translating blink signals into a mechatronic device, while providing sufficient synchrony to enhance the perception of naturalness. This gap was addressed through the development of a real-time detection and actuation system. The architecture integrates non-invasive sensors attached to eyeglasses to capture the signal from the functional eye; a processing algorithm for event detection; and an actuator module to reproduce the movement on an animatronic platform. The tests validated the initial hypothesis, demonstrating a considerable degree of synchrony between the biological stimulus and the prosthetic response. The analysis of the resulting movement indicated natural kinematics, which proved effective in improving the perception of artificiality. This establishes a promising paradigm that transcends the purely aesthetic function of prostheses. By validating the integration of sensors, detection algorithms, and actuators, this research offers a significant contribution to the field of intelligent prosthetics, demonstrating a technically feasible solution for making them more expressive and socially integrated.
- Author Biographies
- References
-
Agarwal, M. D., et al. (2025). Customized silicone ocular prosthesis for post-exenteration rehabilitation. Cureus, 17(2), e31765. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.81283
Bindhoo, Y. A. & Aruna, U. (2011). Prosthetic rehabilitation of an orbital defect: a case report. Journal of Indian Prosthodontic Society, 11(4), 258-264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13191-011-0093-6
Cogley, W. (2025). Animatronic eye mechanism v3.2. Maker World. Recuperado de https://makerworld.com
Frigerio, A., Hadlock, T. A., Murray, E. H., & Heaton, J. T. (2014). Infrared-based blink-detecting glasses for facial pacing: toward a bionic blink. JAMA facial plastic surgery, 16(3), 211-218. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamafacial.2014.1
Gibson, I., Rosen, D. W., & Stucker, B. (2015). Additive manufacturing technologies: 3D printing, rapid prototyping, and direct digital manufacturing (2nd ed.). Springer.
Hömke, P., Holler, J., & Levinson, S. C. (2018). Eye blinks are perceived as communicative signals in human face-to-face interaction. Plos One, 13(12), e0208030.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208030
International Organization for Standardization. (2019). ISO 14971:2019. Medical devices: application of risk management to medical devices. ISO.
Kumar, N., Srivastava, N., & Viswanathan, V. (2022). Rapid prototyping in prosthodontics- a review. History of Medicine, 8(1). Recuperado de https://historymedjournal.com/index.php/medicine/article/view/336
Moraes, R. C. & Almeida, L. P. (2021). Sensores de movimento aplicados a sistemas de rastreio ocular. Anais do Congresso Brasileiro de Engenharia Biomédica, 1, 210-219.
Mori, M., MacDorman, K. F., & Kageki, N. (2012). The uncanny valley. IEEE Robotics and Automation Magazine, 19(2), 98-100. https://doi.org/10.1109/MRA.2012.2192811
Nyström, M., Andersson, R., Niehorster, D. C. et al. (2024). What is a blink? Classifying and characterizing blinks in eye openness signals. Behav Res. 56, 3280-3299. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-023-02333-9
Pereira, L. M. & Carvalho, H. M. (2022). Desenvolvimento de circuitos eletrônicos para dispositivos biomédicos portáteis. Monografia de conclusão de Curso de Bacharelado em engenharia elétrica, Setor de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal do Paraná. Recuperado de https://hdl.handle.net/1884/95218
PLOS. (2018). Length of eye blinks might act as conversational cue. ScienceDaily. Recuperado de https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/12/181212140746.htm
Souza, V. H. & Lima, A. R. (2013). Sensores piezoresistivos e sensores piezoelétricos, VIII EPCC - Encontro Internacional de Produção Científica (22 a 25 de outubro de 2013). Recuperado de http://rdu.unicesumar.edu.br/handle/123456789/4486
Stauffer, C., Brantly, N. W., Beam, D. W., Bose, R., Fiedler, G., & Fisher, L. E. (2026). 3D printing and prostheses: The current state-of-the-art and future directions. Journal of Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies Engineering, 13. https://doi.org/10.1177/20556683261448197
Trigo, J. A. & Gruart, A. (2001). Fisiología del sistema motor del párpado. Revista de Neurología, 33(6), 555-562. Recuperado de https://storage.imrpress.com/journal/RN/32/8/10.33588/rn.3208.2000482/pdf/d4becf4d7e96b85896b7b1566eabe680.pdf
World Health Organization. (2019). World report on vision. WHO. Recuperado de https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/world-report-on-vision
- Cover Image
-
- Downloads
- Published
- 2026-06-07
- Section
- Innovation, Sustainability, and Entrepreneurship: Paths to Transforming Production Engineering
- License
-
Copyright (c) 2026 Cardoso, H. L., Ferreira, J. M. N., Foggiatto, J. A., & Stoppa, M. H.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All works published in the Brazilian Journal of Production Engineering (BJPE) are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). This means that: Anyone can copy, distribute, display, adapt, remix, and even commercially use the content published in the journal; Provided that due credit is given to the authors and to BJPE as the original source; No additional permission is required for reuse, as long as the license terms are respected. This policy complies with the principles of open access, promoting the broad dissemination of scientific knowledge. 🔗 Click here to access the full license


2.png)







































