Transição energética para a sustentabilidade no Chile e no Brasil: Oportunidades e desafios decorrentes da pandemia por Covid-19
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21712/lajer.2021.v8.n1.p1-21Palavras-chave:
Transição energética, Setor elétrico, Chile, Brasil, Covid-19Resumo
O presente artigo busca explorar, de forma interdisciplinar, a influência da pandemia por Covid-19 na transição energética para a sustentabilidade que experimentam o Chile e o Brasil no século XXI. Subsequentemente, apresentam-se as principais oportunidades e desafios sociais, ambientais e técnicos que determinarão o desenvolvimento dos sistemas elétricos de ambos os países após superada a crise sanitária. Comprova-se a correlação fortemente positiva entre o Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) e a geração de eletricidade em ambos os países no decorrer do presente século. Assim, as quedas experimentadas no PIB o ano 2020 tiveram consequência na produção elétrica. No entanto, as energias renováveis não convencionais solar e eólica continuaram crescendo no seu aporte à produção de eletricidade, e em consequência, foram experimentadas quedas na geração termoelétrica e hidrelétrica. Por último, corrobora-se que nos próximos anos, elementos tais como a agenda mundial para a sustentabilidade, as variações no ciclo da água, a participação e empoderamento cidadão, os custos das tecnologias, a influência da eletricidade no desenvolvimento humano, e os conflitos socioambientais decorrentes da construção de infraestrutura energética serão agentes chave nos setores elétricos do Chile e do Brasil
Downloads
Referências
Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL) (2015) Resolução 687, [online]. <http://www2.aneel.gov.br/cedoc/ren2015687.pdf>, (Accessed 8 December 2020).
Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL) (2021) Microsoft Power BI, [online]. <https://app.powerbi.com/view?r=eyJrIjoiZjM4NjM0OWYtN2IwZS00YjViLTllMjItN2E5MzBkN2ZlMzVkIiwidCI6IjQwZDZmOWI4LWVjYTctNDZhMi05MmQ0LWVhNGU5YzAxNzBlMSIsImMiOjR9>, (Accessed 8 March 2021).
Agostini, C, Silva, C and Nasirov, S (2017) 'Failure of Energy Mega-Projects in Chile: A Critical Review from Sustainability Perspectives'. Sustainability, [online], v. 9, n. 6, p. 1073. <https://doi.org/10.3390/su9061073>.
Allain, M and Madariaga, A (2019) 'Understanding policy change through bricolage: The case of Chile’s renewable energy policy'. Governance, [online], v. 33, n. 3, pp. 675-692. <https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12453>.
Aquila, G, de Oliveira, E, de Queiroz, A, Rotela, P, Nunes, M (2017) 'An overview of incentive policies for the expansion of renewable energy generation in electricity power systems and the Brazilian experience'. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, [online], v. 70, pp. 1090–1098. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.12.013>.
Baigorrotegui, B (2019) 'Destabilization of Energy Regimes and Liminal Transition through Collective Action in Chile'. Energy Research & Social Science, [online], v. 55, pp. 198–207. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2019.05.018>.
Banco Mundial BIRF-AIF (2021) Indicadores del desarrollo mundial | Banco de datos, [online]. <https://databank.bancomundial.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD/1ff4a498/Popular-Indicators>, (Accessed 4 February 2021).
Beling, A (2019) 'Sinergias Sur-Norte para una “transición civilizatoria” hacia la sustentabilidad: diálogos de saberes entre buen vivir, decrecimiento y desarrollo humano'. Revista Colombiana de Sociología, [online], v. 42, n. 2, pp. 279–300. <https://doi.org/10.15446/rcs.v42n2.73250>.
Benedicto, S, da Silva, C, Rosa, M, Ferrari, V (2020) 'Sustentabilidade: um fenômeno multifacetário que requer um diálogo interdisciplinar'. Sustentabilidade: Diálogos Interdisciplinares, [online], v. 1, pp. 1–21. <http://periodicos.puc-campinas.edu.br/seer/index.php/sustentabilidade/article/view/5168/3103>.
Bezerra, M, Barros, D, Gomes, W, dos Santos, T, Vieira, F, Guzzi, A (2017) 'Percepção dos impactos socioambientais decorrentes da implantação do complexo eólico Delta do Parnaíba'. Gaia Scientia, [online], v. 11, n. 1, pp. 116–130. <https://doi.org/10.22478/ufpb.1981-1268.2017v11n1.32496>.
Bhusal, N, Abdelmalak, M, Kamruzzaman, Md, Benidris, M (2020) 'Power System Resilience: Current Practices, Challenges, and Future Directions'. IEEE Access, [online], v. 8, pp. 18064–18086. <10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2968586>.
Brewster, S and Batista, M (2020) 'PARIS AGREEMENT: An analysis from the perspective of the law of treaties'. Cadernos Electrônicos Direito Internacional sem Fronteiras, v. 2, n. 1, pp. 1–10.
Bronfman, N, Jiménez, R, Arévalo, P, Cifuentes, L (2012) 'Understanding social acceptance of electricity generation sources'. Energy Policy, [online], v. 46, pp. 246–252. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.03.057 >.
CEPAL (2021) Panorama Social de América Latina 2020, [online]. <https://www.cepal.org/es/publicaciones/46687-panorama-social-america-latina-2020>, (Accessed 10 March 2021).
Chiganer, L, Ribeiro, A, Soares, J, Biondi, L (2002) 'A reforma do setor elétrico brasileiro Aspectos institucionais'. Anais do 4o Encontro de Energia no Meio Rural, [online], v. 4, p. 8. <http://www.proceedings.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=MSC0000000022002000100007&lng=pt&nrm=iso>.
Cifuentes, R, Martinez, O, Ascencio, J, Dharmawidjaja, J, Jiménez, G (2014) Guía de conexión de proyectos ERNC. Santiago de Chile: CIFES.
Cohen, N and Gómez, G (2019) Metodología de la investigación, ¿para qué? la producción de los datos y los diseño, [online], 1. ed. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Teseo. <https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvxcrxxz>.
Comisión Nacional de Energía (2019) Balance nacional de energía – Energía Abierta | Comisión Nacional de Energía, [online]. <http://energiaabierta.cl/visualizaciones/balance-de-energia/>. (Accessed 5 March 2021).
Comisión Nacional de Energía (2021) Energía embalsada – Energía Abierta | Comisión Nacional de Energía, [online]. <http://energiaabierta.cl/visualizaciones/embalses/>. (Accessed 22 February 2021).
Comisión Nacional de Energía and Ministerio de Energía del Gobierno de Chile (2020) Anuario Estadístico de Energía 2019, [online]. <https://www.cne.cl/nuestros-servicios/reportes/informacion-y-estadisticas/>.
Comisión Nacional de Energía e Ministerio de Energía del Gobierno de Chile (2021) Reporte Mensual ERNC. Febrero 2021, [online]. <https://www.cne.cl/nuestros-servicios/reportes/informacion-y-estadisticas/>.
Coordinador Eléctrico Nacional (2021) Coordinador Eléctrico Nacional, [online]. <https://www.coordinador.cl>. (Accessed 4 february 2021).
Cordoves-Sánchez, M, and Vallejos-Romero, A (2019) 'Social construction of risk in non-conventional renewable energy: Risk perception as a function of ecosystem services in La Araucanía, Chile'. Ecological Economics, [online], v. 159, pp. 261–270. < https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.01.031>.
Cronin, J, Anandarajah, G and Dessens, O (2018) 'Climate change impacts on the energy system: a review of trends and gaps'. Climatic Change, [online], v. 151, n. 2, pp. 79–93. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-018-2265-4>.
De Melo, C, de Martino, G, Valdir, S (2016) 'Nonconventional renewable energy governance in Brazil: Lessons to learn from the German experience'. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, [online], v. 61, pp. 222–234. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.03.054>.
Empresa de Pesquisa Energética (2020) Balanço Energético Nacional, [online]. <https://www.epe.gov.br/pt/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes/balanco-energetico-nacional-ben>. (Accessed 4 March 2021).
European Wind Energy Association (2009) Glossary, [online]. <https://www.wind-energy-the-facts.org/glossary.html>. (Accessed 16 March 2021).
Field, C, Barros, V, Dokken, DJ, Mach, KJ, Mastrandrea, MD, Bilir, TE, Chatterjee, M, Ebi, KL, Otsuki, Y, Genova, R, Girma , B, Kisse, E, Levy, AN, MacCracken, S, Mastrandrea, PR, White, LL (Eds.) (2014) Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability; Summaries, Frequently Asked Questions, and Cross-Chapter Boxes; A Working Group II Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Geneva, Switzerland: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Garreaud, R, Boisier, JP, Rondanelli, R, Montecinos, A, Sepúlveda, HH, Veloso-Aguila, D (2020) 'The Central Chile Mega Drought (2010–2018): A climate dynamics perspective'. International Journal of Climatology, [online], v. 40, n. 1, pp. 421–439. <https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6219>.
Garrido, J, Rodríguez, I and Vallejos, A (2015) 'Las respuestas sociales a la instalación de parques eólicos: el caso del conflicto Mar Brava en la Isla Grande de Chiloé (Chile)'. Papers. Revista de Sociologia, [online] v. 100, n. 4, pp. 547-575. <http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/papers.2183>.
Gebremedhin, A, Karlsson, B and Björnfot, K (2009) 'Sustainable energy system – A case study from Chile'. Renewable Energy, [online], v. 34, n. 5, pp. 1241–1244. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2008.10.005>.
Global Commission on the Geopolitics of Energy Transformation (2019) A New World: The Geopolitics of the Energy Transformation, [online], IRENA. <https://irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Jan/Global_commission_geopolitics_new_world_2019.pdf>.
Goldschmidt, K (2020) 'The COVID-19 Pandemic: Technology use to Support the Wellbeing of Children'. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, [online], v. 53, pp. 88–90. <10.1016/j.pedn.2020.04.013>.
Güiza-Suárez and Cifuentes-Guerrero (2019) Introducción. Una sociedad industrial asentada en un planeta de recursos limitados. In: Energías renovables no convencionales y cambio climático: un análisis para Colombia. 1. ed. Bogotá D.C: Editorial Universidad del Rosario. pp. xv–xxiv.
Hafner, M and Tagliapietra, S (Eds.) (2020) The Geopolitics of the Global Energy Transition, [online], Cham: Springer International Publishing. <10.1007/978-3-030-39066-2>.
Hatipoglu, E, Al Muhanna and S, Efird, B (2020) 'Renewables and the future of geopolitics: Revisiting main concepts of international relations from the lens of renewables'. Russian Journal of Economics, [online], v. 6, n. 4, pp. 358–373. <https://doi.org/10.32609/j.ruje.6.55450>.
Howard, G, Charles, K, Pond, K, Brookshaw, A, Hossain, R, Bartram, J (2010) 'Securing 2020 vision for 2030: climate change and ensuring resilience in water and sanitation services'. Journal of Water and Climate Change, [onlilne], v. 1, n. 1, pp. 2–16. <https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2010.105b>.
IEA (2021) Global Energy Review: CO2 Emissions in 2020, [online]. <https://www.iea.org/articles/global-energy-review-co2-emissions-in-2020>. (Accessed 10 Mach 2021).
Instituto de Ingenieros de Chile (1988) Política Eléctrica. 1. ed. Editorial Universitaria.
International Energy Agency (2020a) Levelised Cost of Electricity Calculator – Analysis, [online]. <https://www.iea.org/articles/levelised-cost-of-electricity-calculator>. (Accessed 3 March 2021).
International Energy Agency (2020b) IEA – International Energy Agency, [online]. <https://www.iea.org>. (Accessed 15 December 2020).
International Energy Agency (2021) Climate Impacts on Latin American Hydropower, [online], France: IEA Publications. <https://www.iea.org/reports/climate-impacts-on-latin-american-hydropower>.
International Energy Agency e Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development/Nuclear Energy Agency (2020) Projected Costs of Generating Electricity 2020 Edition: Projected Costs of Generating Electricity, [online], France: International Energy Agency. <https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_51110/projected-costs-of-generating-electricity-2020-edition>.
IPCC (2007) Cambio climático 2007: Informe de síntesis. Contribución de los Grupos de trabajo I, II y III al Cuarto Informe de evaluación del Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático, [online], Ginebra, Suiza: IPCC. <https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ar4_syr_sp.pdf>.
IRENA (2020) Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2019. Abu Dhabi: International Renewable Energy Agency.
IRENA [s.d.] Energy Transition, [online]. <https://www.irena.org/energytransition>. (Accessed 14 December 2020).
Jardini, JA, Ramos, DS, Martini, JSC, Reis, LB, Tahan, CMA (2002) 'Brazilian Energy Crisis'. IEEE Power Engineering Review, [online], v. 22, n. 4, pp. 21–24. <2002. 10.1109/MPER.2002.994845>.
José Antonio Amozurrutia de Maria y Campos (2012) Complejidad y ciencias sociales: Un modelo adaptativo para la investigación interdisciplinaria, [online], 1. ed. Mexico: UNAM, Centro de Investigaciones Interdisciplinarias en Ciencias y Humanidades. <https://clacso.org.ar/libreria-latinoamericana-cm/libro_detalle_resultado.php?id_libro=1308&campo=cm&texto=175>.
Kazimierski, M (2020) 'La energía distribuida como modelo post-fósil en Argentina'. Economía Sociedad y Territorio, [online], v. 20, n. 63, pp. 397–428. <https://doi.org/10.22136/est20201562 >.
Leme, A (2020) 'O setor elétrico brasileiro entre as transformações contemporâneas: o caso da crise elétrica em 2001'. CRÍTICA E SOCIEDADE, [online], v. 8, n. 1, pp. 4–34. <https://doi.org/10.14393/RCS-v8n1-2018-48567>.
Lennon, B, Dunphy, N and Sanvicente, E (2019) 'Community acceptability and the energy transition: a citizens’ perspective'. Energy, Sustainability and Society, [online] v. 9, n. 35. <https://doi.org/10.1186/s13705-019-0218-z>.
Löfquist, L (2019) 'Is there a universal human right to electricity?'. The International Journal of Human Rights, [online], v. 24, n. 6, pp. 711–723. < https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2019.1671355>.
Loureiro, C, Gorayeb, A and Brannstrom, C (2015) 'Implantação de energia eólica e estimativa das perdas ambientais em um setor do litoral oeste do Ceará, Brasil'. Geosaberes: Revista de Estudos Geoeducacionais, [online] v. 6, n. 1, p. 24–38. <http://www.geosaberes.ufc.br/geosaberes/article/view/361>.
Maillet, A and Rozas, J (2019) 'Hibridación de las políticas neoliberales. El caso de la reforma a la política eléctrica en Chile (2014-2016)'. Gestión y Política Pública, [online], v. 28, n. 1, p. 207. <https://doi.org/10.29265/gypp.v28i1.546>.
Max-Neef, M (2017) Economía herética. Treinta y cinco años a contracorriente. 1. ed. Barcelona: Icaria.
Max-Neef, M, Elizalde, A and Hopenhayn, M (1998) Desarrollo a escala humana: conceptos, aplicaciones y algunas reflexiones. 2. ed ed. Barcelona: Icaria, 1998.
Ministerio de Economía Fomento y Reconstrucción-Subsecretaria de Economía Fomento y Reconstrucción (2006) Decreto 244, [online]. <http://www.leychile.cl/N?i=246461&f=2015-09-30&p=>.
Ministerio de Economía Fomento y Reconstrucción-Subsecretaria de Economía Fomento y Reconstrucción (2008) Ley 20.257, [online]. <https://www.leychile.cl/N?i=270212&f=2013-10-22&p=>.
Ministerio de Energía del Gobierno de Chile (2012) Ley 20.571, [online]. <https://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorma=1038211&idVersion=2012-03-22>.
Ministerio de Energía del Gobierno de Chile (2015) Energia 2050, [online], Santiago, Chile: Ministerio de Energía del Gobierno de Chile. .
Ministerio de Energía del Gobierno de Chile (2017) Ley 20.936, [online]. <https://www.leychile.cl/N?i=1092695&f=2017-02-09&p=>.
Ministerio de Energía del Gobierno de Chile (2018) Ley 21.118, [online]. <https://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorma=1125560&idVersion=2018-11-17>.
Moran, E, Lopez, M, Moore, N, Müller, N, Hyndman, D (2018) 'Sustainable hydropower in the 21st century'. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, [online] v. 115, n. 47, pp. 11891–11898. <https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1809426115>.
Nasirov, S, Agostini, C, Silva, C, Caceres, G (2018) 'Renewable energy transition: a market-driven solution for the energy and environmental concerns in Chile'. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, [online], v. 20, n. 1, pp. 3–12. < https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-017-1434-x>.
Neira, C, and Delamaza, G (2018) 'Coaliciones interétnicas, framing y estrategias de movilización contra centrales hidroeléctricas en Chile: ¿Qué podemos aprender de los casos de Ralco y Neltume?'. Middle Atlantic Review of Latin American Studies, [online], v. 2, n. 1, pp. 68–96. <http://doi.org/10.23870/marlas.180>.
OLADE (2020) SIELAC- Sistema de Información Energética de Latinoamérica y el Caribe, [online]. <http://sier.olade.org>.
Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico (2021) ONS - Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico, [online]. <http://ons.org.br:80/Paginas/resultados-da-operacao/historico-da-operacao/geracao_energia.aspx>. (Accessed 4 February 2021).
Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (2020) Informe Mundial de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Desarrollo de los Recursos Hídricos 2020. Agua y cambio climático, [online], Paris: Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura. <https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000373611.locale=es>.
Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (2017) Educación para los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible: objetivos de aprendizaje. Paris: Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO), [online]. <https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000252423>.
Organización Latinoamericana de Energía (2020) Panorama Energético de América Latina y el Caribe 2020. 1. ed. Quito, Ecuador.
Papachristos, G, Sofianos and A, Adamides, E (2013) 'System interactions in socio-technical transitions: Extending the multi-level perspective'. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, [online], v. 7, pp. 53–69. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2013.03.002>.
Pereira, J and Costa, L (2004) 'Mudanças no setor elétrico'. GV-executivo, [online], v. 3, n. 2, pp. 23–27. <https://doi.org/10.12660/gvexec.v3n2.2004.34809>.
PODER360 (2021) Aneel multa em R$ 3,6 milhões empresa de transmissão por apagão no Amapá, [online]. <https://www.poder360.com.br/economia/aneel-multa-em-r-36-milhoes-empresa-de-transmissao-por-apagao-no-amapa/>. (Accessed 22 February 2021).
Poque, A (2020) 'Transición de los sistemas de energía eléctrica de América Latina y el Caribe (2007-2017): Diagnóstico y alternativas sistémicas'. ENERLAC. Revista de Energía de Latinoamérica y el Caribe, [online], v. 4, n. 1, pp. 78–84. <http://enerlac.olade.org/index.php/ENERLAC/article/view/116>.
Profillidis, VA and Botzoris, GN (2019) Chapter 5 - Statistical Methods for Transport Demand Modeling. In: Profillidis e Botzoris (Eds.) Modeling of Transport Demand, [online], Elsevier, pp. 163–224. <https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811513-8.00005-4>.
Ragheb, M (2017) Chapter 25 - Economics of Wind Power Generation. In: LETCHER, T. M. (Ed.). Wind Energy Engineering, [online], Academic Press. pp. 537–555. <https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809451-8.00025-4>.
Ram, M, Bogdanov, D, Aghahosseini, A, Gulagi, A, Oyewo, AS, Child, M, Caldera, U, Sadovskaia, K, Farfan, J, Barbosa, LSNS, Fasihi, M, Khalili S, Dalheimer, B, Gruber, G, Traber, T, De Caluwe, F, Fell, H-J, Breyer, C (2019) Global Energy System based on 100% Renewable Energy – Power, Heat, Transport and Desalination Sectors, [online], Study by Lappeenranta University of Technology and Energy Watch Group, Lappeenranta, Berlin. <http://energywatchgroup.org/wp-content/uploads/EWG_LUT_100RE_All_Sectors_Global_Report_2019.pdf>.
Rana, Md (2020) 'The process of turning a “green” renewable energy into “non-green” for the local people: an observation-based study from Southern Chile'. Latin American Journal of Energy Research, [online], v. 7, n. 1, pp. 1–10. <https://doi.org/10.21712/lajer.2020.v7.n1.p1-10>.
Randall, T and Warren, H (2020) Peak Oil Is Already Here, [online]. <https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2020-peak-oil-era-is-suddenly-upon-us/>. (Accessed 27 December 2020).
REN21 (2019) Renewables 2019 Global Status Report, [online], Paris: REN21 Secretariat. <https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/gsr_2019_full_report_en.pdf>.
Rodríguez-Monroy, C, Mármol-Acitores, G and Nilsson-Cifuentes, G (2018) 'Electricity generation in Chile using non-conventional renewable energy sources – A focus on biomass'. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, [online], v. 81, pp. 937–945. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.08.059>.
Rosenbloom, D (2019) 'A clash of socio-technical systems: Exploring actor interactions around electrification and electricity trade in unfolding low-carbon pathways for Ontario'. Energy Research & Social Science, [online], v. 49, pp. 219–232. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2018.10.015>.
Rubio, M and Tafunell, X (2014) 'Latin American hydropower: A century of uneven evolution'. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, [online], v. 38, pp. 323–334. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.05.068>.
Salazar, G, Chusin, L and Escobar, B (2015) 'Análisis de Confiabilidad de Sistemas de Distribución Eléctrica con penetración de Generación Distribuida'. Revista Politécnica, v. 36, n. 1.
Santarcángelo, J, Justo, O and Cooney, P (Eds.) (2016) Latin America after the Financial Crisis. Economic Ramifications from Heterodox Perspectives. 1. ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US.
Santos, F (2019) 'Transição energética: enquadramento e desafios'. Revista Videre, [online], v. 11, n. 22, pp. 143–153. < https://doi.org/10.30612/videre.v11i22.11217>.
Schaeffer, R, Salem, A, Frossard, A, Soares, B, Pinheiro, L, Pereira, F, Troccoli, A, Harrison, M, Sedeck, M (2012) 'Energy sector vulnerability to climate change: A review'. Energy, [online], v. 38, n. 1, pp. 1–12. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2011.11.056>.
Sharma, R, Sinha, A and Kautish, P (2021) 'Does renewable energy consumption reduce ecological footprint? Evidence from eight developing countries of Asia'. Journal of Cleaner Production, [online], v. 285, pp. 1–13. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124867>.
Soito, J and Freitas, M (2011) 'Amazon and the expansion of hydropower in Brazil: Vulnerability, impacts and possibilities for adaptation to global climate change'. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, [online], v. 15, n. 6, pp. 3165–3177. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.04.006>.
Solaun, K and Cerdá, E (2019) 'Climate change impacts on renewable energy generation. A review of quantitative projections'. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, [online], v. 116, pp. 1–16. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109415>.
Soublette, G (2020) Manifiesto. Peligros y oportunidades de la megacrisis. 3. ed. Santiago, Chile: Ediciones UC.
Sovacool, B, Burke, M, Baker, L, Kumar, C, Wlokas, H (2017) 'New frontiers and conceptual frameworks for energy justice'. Energy Policy, [online], v. 105, p. 677–691. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.03.005>.
Sovacool, B and Brisbois, MC (2019) 'Elite power in low-carbon transitions: A critical and interdisciplinary review'. Energy Research & Social Science, [online], v. 57. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2019.101242>.
Stefes, C (2020) 'Opposing Energy Transitions: Modeling the Contested Nature of Energy Transitions in the Electricity Sector'. Review of Policy Research, [online], v. 37, n. 3, pp. 292–312. <https://doi.org/10.1111/ropr.12381>.
Subdepartamento Informatica-Comisión Nacional Energia (2021) Electricidad - Comisión Nacional de Energía, [online]. <https://www.cne.cl/estadisticas/electricidad/>. (Acessed 22 February 2021).
Sugiyama, M (2012) 'Climate change mitigation and electrification'. Energy Policy, [online], v. 44, pp. 464–468. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.01.028>.
Tully, S (2006) 'The Human Right to Access Electricity'. The Electricity Journal, [online], v. 19, n. 3, pp. 30–39. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2006.02.003>.
Urquiza, A, Amigo, C, Billi, M, Espinosa, P (2018) 'Participatory Energy Transitions as Boundary Objects: The Case of Chile’s Energía2050'. Frontiers in Energy Research, [online], v. 6. <https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2018.00134>.
Valdes, J, Poque, A, Ramirez, L, Valin, M, Masip, Y, Dorner, W (2019) 'Industry, flexibility, and demand response: Applying German energy transition lessons in Chile'. Energy Research & Social Science, [online], v. 54, pp. 12–25. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2019.03.003>.
Varoufakis, Y (2016) O minotauro global. A verdadeira origem da crise financeira e o futuro da economia global. Tradução: Marcela Wernek. São Paulo: Autonomia Literária, 2016.
Verbong, G and Geels, F (2007) 'The ongoing energy transition: Lessons from a socio-technical, multi-level analysis of the Dutch electricity system (1960–2004)'. Energy Policy, [online], v. 35, pp. 1025–1037. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2006.02.010>.
Werner, D (2019) 'Estado, capitais privados e planejamento no setor elétrico brasileiro após as reformas setoriais das décadas de 1990 e 2000'. Planejamento e políticas públicas, [online], n. 52, pp. 189–231. <https://www.ipea.gov.br/ppp/index.php/PPP/article/view/956>.
Whitelaw, S, Mamas, A, Topol, E, Van Spall, H (2020) 'Applications of digital technology in COVID-19 pandemic planning and response'. The Lancet Digital Health, [online], v. 2, n. 8, pp. e435–e440. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30142-4>.
Zoellner, J, Schweizer-Ries, P and Wemheuer, C (2008) 'Public acceptance of renewable energies: Results from case studies in Germany'. Energy Policy, [online], v. 36, n. 11, pp. 4136–4141. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.06.026>.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2021 Latin American Journal of Energy Research
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
O autor, no ato da submissão do artigo, transfere o direito autoral ao periódico.
