Diagnosis of Workplace Bullying and its Consequences for Worker Health

Authors

  • Vera L. Cançado Universidade FUMEC (PDMA/FUMEC), Brasil. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4874-0553
  • Cristiana Fernandes De Muylder Universidade FUMEC (PDMA/FUMEC), Brasil. UFU Universidade de Uberlândia - PPGAdm, Uberlândia, Brasil
  • Marcia Lúcia Andrade dos Anjos Naves Universidade FUMEC (PDMA/FUMEC), Brasil https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6104-0961

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47456/regec.2317-5087.2024.13.2.42833.24.49

Keywords:

Workplace bullying, workers’ health, Credit Union

Abstract

In this paper, we aimed to present a model to diagnose the occurrence of the workplace bullying and its consequences for worker health, in a credit union in Brazil. This union was reported to the Brazilian Ministry of Labour. We carried out an exploratory,  quantitative and descriptive study. We applied to all 166 employees the questionnaires NAQ-R (Negative Acts Questionnaire), and an adaptation of the SRQ20 (Self Report Questionnaire-20). We analyzed data by means of univariate and bivariate statistics. The results showed an average of 1.34 negative acts per respondent, highlighting two to four cases of severe bullying. The relationship between workplace bullying and physical and psychological symptoms was confirmed. Therefore, we recommend a model to carry out the diagnosis of workplace bullying in a single organization, by using both questionnaires, combined with data and information about the organization and its work environment.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Vera L. Cançado, Universidade FUMEC (PDMA/FUMEC), Brasil.

Doutora em Administração – Centro de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisas em Administração  - CEPEAD/FACE/UFMG

Cristiana Fernandes De Muylder , Universidade FUMEC (PDMA/FUMEC), Brasil. UFU Universidade de Uberlândia - PPGAdm, Uberlândia, Brasil

Doutorado em Economia Aplicada – Universidade Federal de Viçosa

Marcia Lúcia Andrade dos Anjos Naves, Universidade FUMEC (PDMA/FUMEC), Brasil

Mestre em Administração - Programa de Doutorado e Mestrado em Administração da Universidade FUMEC (PDMA/FUMEC), Brasil

References

Agervold, M. (2007). Bullying at work: A discussion of definitions and prevalence, based on an empirical study. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 48(2), 161–172. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2007.00585.x

Agotnes, K. W., Skogstad, A., Hetland, J., Olsen, O. K., Espevik, R., Bakker, A. B., & Einarsen, S. V. (2021). Daily work pressure and exposure to bullying-related negative acts: The role of daily transformational and laissez-faire leadership. European Management Journal, 39(4), 423–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2020.09.011

Amazarray, M. R. (2010). Violência psicológica e assédio moral no trabalho enquanto expressões de estratégias de gestão [Dissertação (Mestrado)]. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.

Baillien, E., Camps, J., Van den Broeck, A., Stouten, J., Godderis, L., Sercu, M., & De Witte, H. (2016). An Eye for an Eye Will Make the Whole World Blind: Conflict Escalation into Workplace Bullying and the Role of Distributive Conflict Behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 137(2), 415–429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2563-y

Baillien, E., Escartín, J., Gross, C., & Zapf, D. (2017). Towards a Conceptual and Empirical Diferentiation Between Workplace Bullying and Interpersonal Conflict. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 26(6), 870–881. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2017.1385601

Barreto, M., & Heloani, R. (2015). Violência, saúde e trabalho: a intolerância e o assédio moral nas relações laborais. Serviço Social & Sociedade, 123, 544–561.

Barreto, M. M. S. (2005). Assédio moral: a violência sutil-análise epidemiológica e psicossocial no trabalho no Brasil [Doctoral dissertation - Tese Doutorado em Psicologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo].

Beale, D., & Hoel, H. (2011). Workplace bullying and the employment relationship: exploring questions of prevention, control and context. Work, Employment and Society, 25(1), 5–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017010389228

Bernardes, M. E. B., & Ferreira, V. A. (2023). Crescimento organizacional: Um estudo da relação prática entre contexto, competências organizacionais e lideranças. RAM. Revista de Administração Mackenzie, 24, eRAMG230253.

Boudrias, V., Trépanier, S. G., & Salin, D. (2021). A systematic review of research on the longitudinal consequences of workplace bullying and the mechanisms involved. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 56. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AVB.2020.101508

Cakirpaloglu, P., Smahaj, J., Cakirpaloglu, S. D., & Zielina, M. (2017). Bullying at work: Reliability and validity of the Czech version of the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised. Ceskoslovenska Psychologie, 61(6), 546–558.

Christ, H. D. (2011). Estudo de adaptação e fidedignidade do questionário de atos negativos: revisado (QAN-R) para o português do Brasil [Dissertação (Mestrado em Psicologia Clínica).]. Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul.

Dias, F. S., & Angélico, A. P. (2018). Burnout syndrome in bank employees: a literature review. Trends in Psychology, 26, 15–30. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.9788/TP2018.1-02Pt

Einarsen, Hoel, H., Zapf, D., & Cooper, C. (2020). Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace: Theory, Research and Practice. CRC Press.

Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., & Notelaers, G. (2009). Measuring exposure to bullying and harassment at work: Validity, factor structure and psychometric properties of the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised. Work and Stress, 23(1), 24–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370902815673

Einarsen, S., & Nielsen, M. B. (2015). Workplace bullying as an antecedent of mental health problems: a five-year prospective and representative study. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 88(2), 131–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-014-0944-7

Einarsen, S., Raknes, B. I., Matthiesen, S. B., & Hellesoy, O. H. (1996). Bullying at work and its relationships with health complaints - Moderating effects of social support and personality. Nordisk Psykologi, 48(2), 116–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/00291463.1996.11863874

El-Aouar, W. A., de Lucena Patriota, R. A., da Silva, A. W. P., Neto, A. R. V., de Castro, A. B. C., de Mesquita, R. F., & da Silva Barreto, L. K. (2020). Novas perspectivas sobre o assédio moral em instituições bancárias. Revista de Administração da UFSM, 13(3), 463–482. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5902/1983465929615

Fox, S., & Stallworth, L. E. (2005). Racial/ethnic bullying: Exploring links between bullying and racism in the US workplace. Journal Of Vocational Behavior, 66(3), 438–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2004.01.002

Freitas, M. E. de, Heloani, R., & Barreto, M. (2011). Assédio Moral no Trabalho. Cengage Learning.

Fritz, J. H. (2018). Communication ethics and bullying. Em The Routledge Handbook of Communication and Bullying (p. 22–29). Routledge.

Gonçalves, D. M., Stein, A. T., & Kapczinski, F. (2008). Avaliação de desempenho do Self-Reporting Questionnaire como instrumento de rastreamento psiquiátrico: um estudo comparativo com o Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR. Cadernos de saúde pública, 24, 380–390.

Gupta, R., Bakhshi, A., & Einarsen, S. (2017). Investigating Workplace Bullying in India: Psychometric Properties, Validity, and Cutoff Scores of Negative Acts Questionnaire–Revised. Sage Open, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244017715674

Hagopian, E. M., & de Freitas, G. F. (2021). Dimensões da violência na Enfermagem: aplicação do questionário de atos negativos. Research, Society and Development, 10(8), e39310817356–e39310817356.

Hair, J. F., Black, W. C. , Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2009). Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective. Prentice Hall.

Heloani, R., & Barreto, M. (2018). Assédio moral: gestão por humilhação. Curitiba: Juruá.

Hershcovis, M. S. (2011). “Incivility, social undermining, bullying… oh my!”: A call to reconcile constructs within workplace aggression research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(3), 499–519. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/job.689

Hershcovis, M. S., Cortina, L. M., & Robinson, S. L. (2020). Social and situational dynamics surrounding workplace mistreatment: Context matters. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 41(8), 699–705. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2479

Hewett, R., Liefooghe, A., Visockaite, G., & Roongrerngsuke, S. (2018). Bullying at Work: Cognitive Appraisal of Negative Acts, Coping, Wellbeing, and Performance. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 23(1), 71–84. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000064

Hirigoyen, M.-F. (1998). Le harcélement moral: la violence perverse au quotidien [Bullying: the daily perverse violence]. Em Le harcèment moral. La Découvert et Syros. https://doi.org/10.3917/dec.hirig.1998.01

Hirigoyen, M.-F. (2002). Mal-estar no trabalho: redefinindo o assédio moral. Bertrand Brasil.

Hirigoyen, M.-F. (2011). Assédio moral: A violência perversa no cotidiano (13o ed). Bertrand Brasil.

Hoel, H. (2009). Regulating for negative human interaction: An evaluation of the effectiveness of anti-bullying regulations. Conference of the Regulation of Decent Work Network, International Labour Office, 8–10.

Hoel, H., Zapf, D., & Cooper, C. L. (2002). Workplace bullying and stress. Em P. L. Perrewe & D. C. Ganster (Orgs.), Historical and Current Perspectives on Stress and Health (Vol. 2, p. 293–333). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1479-3555(02)02008-5

Holten, A.-L., Robert Hancock, G., Persson, R., Marie Hansen, Å., & Høgh, A. (2016). Knowledge hoarding: antecedent or consequent of negative acts? The mediating role of trust and justice. Journal of Knowledge Management, 20(2), 215–229. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-06-2015-0222

Hoprekstad, O. L., Hetland, J., & Einarsen, S. V. (2021). Exposure to negative acts at work and self-labelling as a victim of workplace bullying: The role of prior victimization from bullying. Current Psychology, 1–17. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02453-5

ILO. (2018). Fifth item on the agenda: Violence and harassment against women and men in the world of work Reports. In International Labour Conference (Número 107/V/1).

Kirchmair, D. M., Ferreira, V. C. P., & Monteiro, L. A. (2020). Assédio Moral no Trabalho em Bancos: Lacunas e Possibilidades da Gestão de Pessoas. Gestão & Planejamento-G&P, 21.

Leymann, H. (1990). Mobbing and psychological terror at workplaces. Violence and Victims, 5(2), 119–126. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.5.2.119

Leymann, H. (1996). The Content and Development of Mobbing at Work. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(2), 165–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594329608414853

Maciel, R. H., & Gonçalves, R. C. (2008). Pesquisando o assédio moral: a questão do método e a validação do Negative Acts Questionnary (NAQ) para o Brasil. Violência psicológica e assédio moral no trabalho: pesquisas brasileiras, 167–185.

Maran, D. A., Varetto, A., Civilotti, C., & Magnavita, N. (2022). Prevalence and Consequences of Verbal Aggression among Bank Workers: A Survey into an Italian Banking Institution. Administrative Sciences, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/ADMSCI12030078

Matthiesen, S. B., Aasen, E., Holst, G., Wie, K., & Einarsen, S. (2003). The escalation of conflict: a case study of bullying at work. Int. J. Management and Decision Making, 4(1), 96–112.

Mikkelsen, G. E., & Einarsen, S. (2002). Relationships between exposure to bullying at work and psychological and psychosomatic health complaints: The role of state negative affectivity and generalized self–efficacy. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 43(5), 397–405. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9450.00307

Nielsen, M. B., & Einarsen, S. (2012). Outcomes of exposure to workplace bullying: A meta-analytic review. Work and Stress, 26(4), 309–332. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2012.734709

Nielsen, M. B., & Einarsen, S. V. (2018). What we know, what we do not know, and what we should and could have known about workplace bullying: An overview of the literature and agenda for future research. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 42, 71–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.06.007

Nielsen, M. B., & Knardahl, S. (2015). Is workplace bullying related to the personality traits of victims? A two-year prospective study. Work and Stress, 29(2), 128–149. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2015.1032383

Nielsen, M. B., Notelaers, G., & Eirnasen, S. v. (2020). Methodological Issues in the Measurement of Workplace Bullying. Em S. V. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. L. Cooper (Orgs.), Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace - Theory, Research and Practice (p. 235–265). CRC Press - Taylor & Francis Group.

Nielsen, M. B., Pallesen, S., Einarsen, S. V., Harris, A., Rajalingam, D., & Gjerstad, J. (2021). Associations between exposure to workplace bullying and insomnia: a cross-lagged prospective study of causal directions. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 94(5), 1003–1011. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-020-01618-2

Nielsen, M. B., Pallesen, S., Harris, A., & Einarsen, S. V. (2018). Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of research on the associations between workplace bullying and sleep. SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS, 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-018-0898-z

Nielsen, M. B., Rosander, M., Blomberg, S., & Einarsen, S. (2021). Killing two birds with one stone: how intervening when witnessing bullying at the workplace may help both target and the acting observer. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 94(2), 261–273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-020-01575-w

Notelaers, G., der Heijden, B., Hoel, H., & Einarsen, S. (2019). Measuring bullying at work with the short-negative acts questionnaire: identification of targets and criterion validity. Work and Stress, 33(1), 58–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2018.1457736

Notelaers, G., & Einarsen, S. (2013). The world turns at 33 and 45: Defining simple cutoff scores for the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised in a representative sample. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 22(6), 670–682. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2012.690558

Notelaers, G., Van der Heijden, B., Hoel, H., & Einarsen, S. (2019). Measuring bullying at work with the short-negative acts questionnaire: identification of targets and criterion validity. Work and Stress, 33(1), 58–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2018.1457736

Nunes, T. S., & Tolfo, S. da R. (2013). A dinâmica e os fatores organizacionais propiciadores à ocorrência do assédio moral no trabalho. Revista de Gestão e Secretariado, 4(2), 90–113.

Nunes, T. S., & Tolfo, S. da R. (2015). O assédio moral no contexto universitário: uma discussão necessária. Revista de Ciências da administração, 1(1), 21–36.

Oliveira, A. C., Lopes, L. F. D., Gai, M. J. P., de Almeida, D. M., da Rosa, A. C., & Lima, M. P. (2021). Assédio moral no trabalho e as estratégias de enfrentamento na opinião de servidores técnico-administrativos federais. Revista Economia & Gestão, 21(60), 142–159.

Perinelli, E., Balducci, C., & Fraccaroli, F. (2022). Structural validity and classification performance of the Italian Short Negative Acts Questionnaire: A Structural Equation Modeling approach for building ROC curves. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03741-4

Rai, A., & Agarwal, U. A. (2017). Exploring nature of workplace bullying and psychometric properties of negative acts questionnaire-revised (NAQ-R) in Indian organizations. Journal of Indian Business Research, 9(3), 229–247. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIBR-12-2016-0145

Rayner, C., & Hoel, H. (1997). A Summary Review of Literature Relating to Workplace Bullying. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 7(3), 181–191. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1298(199706)7:3<181::AID-CASP416>3.0.CO;2-Y

Rosander, M., & Blomberg, S. (2019). Levels of workplace bullying and escalation–a new conceptual model based on cut-off scores, frequency and self-labelled victimization. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 28(6), 769–783. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2019.1642874

Sales, E. C. (2008). Estudo epidemiológico sobre assédio moral no trabalho e transtornos mentais comuns em trabalhadores do setor de serviços [Tese (doutorado)]. Universidade Federal da Bahia.

Salin, D. (2003). Ways of Explaining Workplace Bullying: A Review of Enabling, Motivating and Precipitating Structures and Processes in the Work Environment. Human Relations, 56(10), 1213–1232. https://doi.org/10.1177/00187267035610003

Salin, D. (2013). Ethics training and the prevention of workplace bullying. Em Leslie E. Sekerka (Org.), Ethics training in action: An examination of issues, techniques, and development (p. 103–120). Information Age Publishing Charlotte, NC.

Santos, K. O. B., Araújo, T. M. de, & Oliveira, N. F. de. (2009). Factor structure and internal consistency of the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) in an urban population. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 25, 214–222.

Silva, I. V., Aquino, E. M. L. de, & Pinto, I. C. de M. (2017). Características psicométricas do Negative Acts Questionnaire para detecção do assédio moral no trabalho: estudo avaliativo do instrumento com uma amostra de servidores estaduais da saúde. Revista Brasileira de Saúde Ocupacional, 42.

Soboll, L. A. P. (2008a). Assédio moral e organização do trabalho: análise de casos. Casa do Psicólogo.

Soboll, L. A. P. (2008b). Assédio moral no trabalho: aspectos históricos e conceituais. Casa do Psicólogo.

Sousa, L. S. de, Oliveira, R. M., Santiago, J. C. dos S., Bandeira, É. da S., Brito, Y. C. F., Alves, H. F. A., & Almeida, P. C. de. (2021). Preditores do assédio moral no trabalho da enfermagem em unidades de cuidados críticos. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 74.

Stratton, E., Player, M. J., Dahlheimer, A., Choi, I., & Glozier, N. (2021). Prevalence and association of discrimination and bullying and the impact on mental health in an occupational setting. International Journal of Workplace Health Management, 14(1), 32–49. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJWHM-02-2020-0018

Trepanier, S. G., Fernet, C., & Austin, S. (2013). Workplace bullying and psychological health at work: The mediating role of satisfaction of needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness. Work & Stress, 27(2), 123–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2013.782158

Tsuno, K., Kawakami, N., Inoue, A., & Abe, K. (2010). Measuring Workplace Bullying: Reliability and Validity of the Japanese Version of the Negative Acts Questionnaire. Journal of Occupational Health, 52(4), 216–226. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1539/joh.L10036

Valentine, S., Fleischman, G., & Godkin, L. (2015). Rogues in the ranks of selling organizations: Using corporate ethics to manage workplace bullying and job satisfaction. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 35(2), 143–163.

Verdasca, A., & Baillien, E. (2021). Workplace bullying in the Portuguese banking sector: incidence levels and risk groups. Journal of interpersonal violence, 36(21–22), NP12360–NP12387.

Wrolli, R. (2019, fevereiro). Número de bancários doentes dispara em oito anos. Recuperado de: https://spbancarios.com.br/02/2019/numero-de-bancarios-doentes-dispara-em-oito-anos. . https://spbancarios.com.br/02/2019/numero-de-bancarios-doentes-dispara-em-oito-anos. .

Zapf, D., Escartín, J., Scheppa-Lahyani, M., Einarsen, S. V., Hoel, H., & Vartia, M. (2020). Empirical findings on prevalence and risk groups of bullying in the workplace. Bullying and harassment in the workplace: Theory, research and practice, 3, 105–162.

Zapf, D., & Gross, C. (2010). Conflict escalation and coping with workplace bullying: A replication and extension. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10(4), 497–522. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320143000834

Downloads

Published

02-05-2024

How to Cite

Cançado, V. L., Muylder , C. F. D., & Naves, M. L. A. dos A. (2024). Diagnosis of Workplace Bullying and its Consequences for Worker Health. Management and Connections Journal, 13(2), 24.49. https://doi.org/10.47456/regec.2317-5087.2024.13.2.42833.24.49

Issue

Vol. 13 No. 2 (2024)

Section

Artigos

License

Os direitos autorais dos originais aprovados serão automaticamente transferidos à Revista, como condição para sua publicação, e para encaminhamentos junto às bases de dados de indexação de periódicos científicos.

Esta cessão passará a valer a partir da submissão do manuscrito, em formulário apropriado, disponível no Sistema Eletrônico de Editoração da Revista.

A revista se reservará o direito de efetuar, nos originais, alterações de ordem normativa, ortográfica e gramatical, com vistas a manter o padrão culto da língua e a credibilidade do veículo. Respeitará, no entanto, o estilo de escrever dos(as) autores(as).

Alterações, correções ou sugestões de ordem conceitual serão encaminhadas aos(às) autores(as), quando necessário. Nesses casos, os artigos, depois de adequados, deverão ser submetidos a nova apreciação.

As provas finais serão encaminhadas aos(às) autores(as).

Os trabalhos publicados passarão a ser de propriedade da Revista, ficando sua re-impressão (total ou parcial) sujeita à autorização expressa da Revista. Em todas as citações posteriores, deverá ser consignada a fonte original de publicação: Revista Gestão & Conexões.

A Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo e/ou quaisquer das instâncias editoriais envolvidas com o periódico não se responsabilizarão pelas opiniões, idéias e conceitos emitidos nos textos. As opiniões emitidas pelos(as) autores(as) dos artigos serão de sua exclusiva responsabilidade.

Em todo e qualquer tipo de estudo que envolva situações de relato de caso clínico é fundamental o envio de cópia do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido assinado(s) pelo(s) paciente(s).