Saúde gengival e os efeitos dos anticoncepcionais orais : uma revisão de literatura

Rafaela Coutinho Nagibo; Rahyza Inacio Freire de Assis; Livia Carla de Melo Rodrigues

doi:10.47456/rbps.v26i1.44337

Authors

Rafaela Coutinho Nagibo Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (Ufes) https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3577-5001
Rahyza Inacio Freire de Assis Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (Ufes)
Livia Carla de Melo Rodrigues Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (Ufes) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6004-7981

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47456/rbps.v26i1.44337

Keywords:

Oral contraceptives, Periodontium, Gingival diseases

Abstract

Introduction: Oral contraceptives (OC) contain estrogen and/or progesterone and act by inhibiting the secretion of FSH and LH and, consequently, ovulation, as well as inducing changes in cervical mucus to reduce the possibility of implantation. Circulating female hormone levels can interfere with gingival health by modulating inflammatory responses to dental plaque. Objective: To identify scientific evidence regarding the effects and impacts of continuous oral contraceptive use on periodontal health. Methods: Narrative review through a survey of original research from the BVS, PubMed, Cochrane, and SciELO databases, including studies published since 2010. Results: Ten articles were included. The most evaluated clinical parameters were Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), Probing Depth (PD), Attachment Loss (AL), and Bleeding on Probing (BP). Users of oral contraceptives had significantly higher GI, BP, PD, and AL compared to control groups, with these parameters worsening with prolonged OC use. Conclusion: The use of oral contraceptives, even at lower doses, can negatively affect gingival and periodontal health. However, the results are still divergent, and the studies have limitations, preventing definitive conclusions.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Katzung BG, Trevor AJ. Farmacologia básica e clínica. 13th ed. Porto Alegre: Grupo A; 2017.

Federação Brasileira das Associações de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia (FEBRASGO). Manual de Anticoncepção [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2023 Oct 27]. Available from: https://central3.to.gov.br/arquivo/494569/

Lüllmann H, Mohr K, Hein L. Farmacologia. 7th ed. Porto Alegre: Grupo A; 2017.

Seymour RA, Heasman PA. Drugs and the periodontium. J Clin Periodontol. 1988 Jan;15(1):1-16. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.1988.tb01549.x. PMID: 3276739.

Lang NP, Lindhe J. Tratado de Periodontia Clínica e Implantologia Oral. 6th ed. Rio de Janeiro: Grupo GEN; 2018.

Newman MG. Newman e Carranza - Periodontia Clínica. 13th ed. Rio de Janeiro: Grupo GEN; 2020.

Saini R, Saini S, Sharma S. Oral contraceptives alter oral health. Ann Saudi Med. 2010 May-Jun;30(3):243. doi: 10.4103/0256-4947.62832. PMID: 20427944; PMCID: PMC2886879.

Costanzo L. Fisiologia. 6th ed. Rio de Janeiro: Grupo GEN; 2018.

Hall JE, Guyton AC. Guyton & Hall Fundamentos de Fisiologia. 13th ed. Rio de Janeiro: Grupo GEN; 2017.

Ford SM. Farmacologia Clínica. 11th ed. Rio de Janeiro: Grupo GEN; 2019.

Farias MR, Leite SN, Tavares NUL, Oliveira MA, Arrais PSD, Bertoldi AD, et al. Use of and access to oral and injectable contraceptives in Brazil. Rev Saúde Pública [Internet]. 2016;50:14s. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1518-8787.2016050006176

Vijay G. Relationship of duration of oral contraceptive therapy on human periodontium-A clinical, radiological and biochemical study. Ind J Dent Adv. 2010.

Vittek J, Hernandez MR, Wenk EJ, Rappaport SC, Southren AL. Specific estrogen receptors in human gingiva. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1982 Mar;54(3):608-12. doi: 10.1210/jcem-54-3-608. PMID: 7035487.

Abd-ali EH, Shaker NT. The effect of oral contraceptive on the oral health with the evaluation of salivary IgA and Streptococcus mutans in some Iraqi women. Mustansiria Dent J. 2013;10(1).

Farhad SZ, Esfahanian V, Mafi M, Farkhani N, Ghafari M, Refiei E, et al. Association between oral contraceptive use and interleukin-6 levels and periodontal health. J Periodontol Implant Dent [Internet]. 2018 Oct 1 [cited 2023 Mar 26];6(1):13-7. Available from: https://japid.tbzmed.ac.ir/Article/jpid-77

Prachi S, Jitender S, Rahul C, Jitendra K, Priyanka M, Disha S. Impact of oral contraceptives on periodontal health. Afr Health Sci. 2019 Apr 23;19(1):1795.

Castro MML, Ferreira MKM, Prazeres IEE, de Oliveira Nunes PB, Magno MB, Rösing CK, et al. Is the use of contraceptives associated with periodontal diseases? A systematic review and meta-analyses. BMC Womens Health. 2021 Feb 1;21(1).

Peruga M, Piwnik J, Lis J. The impact of progesterone and estrogen on the tooth mobility. Medicina (Kaunas). 2023 Jan 29;59(2):258. doi: 10.3390/medicina59020258. PMID: 36837459; PMCID: PMC9965278.

Haerian-Ardakani A, Moeintaghavi A, Talebi-Ardakani MR, Sohrabi K, Bahmani S, Dargahi M. The association between current low-dose oral contraceptive pills and periodontal health: a matched-case-control study. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2010 May 1;11(3):33-40. PMID: 20461322.

Brusca MI, Rosa A, Albaina O, Moragues MD, Verdugo F, Pontón J. The impact of oral contraceptives on women’s periodontal health and the subgingival occurrence of aggressive periodontopathogens and Candida species. J Periodontol. 2010 Jul;81(7):1010-8.

Domingues RS, Ferraz BFR, Greghi SLA, Rezende MLR, Passanezi E, Sant’Ana ACP. Influence of combined oral contraceptives on the periodontal condition. J Appl Oral Sci. 2012 Apr;20(2):253-9.

Smadi L, Zakaryia A. The association between the use of new oral contraceptive pills and periodontal health: a matched case–control study. J Int Oral Health. 2018;10(3):127-31.

Oppermann RV, Rösing CK. Periodontia laboratorial e clínica. 1st ed. Porto Alegre: Grupo A; 2013.

Harpenau LA, Kao RT, Lundergan WP, Sanz M. Periodontia e Implantodontia - Algoritmos de Hall para Prática Clínica. 5th ed. Rio de Janeiro: Grupo GEN; 2016.

Lapp CA, Thomas ME, Lewis JB. Modulation by progesterone of interleukin-6 production by gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontol. 1995 Apr;66(4):279-84.

Sant'Ana ACP, Passanezi E. Periodontia: o essencial para a prática clínica. Barueri: Editora Manole; 2023.

Contardo MS, Díaz N, Lobos O, Padilla C, Giacaman RA. Oral colonization by Streptococcus mutans and its association with the severity of periodontal disease in adults. Rev Clin Periodoncia Implantol Rehabil Oral [Internet]. 2011 Apr [cited 2023 Oct 27];4(1):9-12. Available from: http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0719-01072011000100002. doi: 10.4067/S0719-01072011000100002.

Jørgen S, Rams TE, Listgarten MA. Yeasts, enteric rods and pseudomonads in the subgingival flora of severe adult periodontitis. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 1988 Jun 1;3(2):47-52.

Murakami S, Mealey BL, Mariotti A, Chapple ILC. Dental plaque-induced gingival conditions. J Clin Periodontol. 2018 Jun;45(Suppl 20). doi: 10.1111/jcpe.12937. PMID: 29926503.

Papapanou PN, Sanz M, Buduneli N, Dietrich T, Feres M, Fine DH, et al. Periodontitis: consensus report of workgroup 2 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions. J Clin Periodontol [Internet]. 2018 Jun;45(S20). Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jcpe.12946.

Lindhe J, Attström R, Björn AL. The influence of progestogen on gingival exudation during menstrual cycles. A longitudinal study. J Periodontal Res. 1969;4(2):97-102. PMID: 4187194.