Neuromodulação não-invasiva
uma revisão narrativa sobre aplicabilidade clínica, acesso ao tratamento e direções futuras
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47456/rbps.v26i1.46477Palavras-chave:
Estimulação Magnética Transcraniana, Estimulação Transcraniana por Corrente Contínua, Estimulação do Nervo Vago, ReabilitaçãoResumo
Introdução: A neuromodulação não invasiva (NmNI) abrange um conjunto de técnicas que modulam a atividade neuronal sem necessidade de cirurgia ou implantes. O interesse nessas técnicas vem crescendo, especialmente em relação à sua aplicabilidade e à translação de resultados de protocolos de pesquisa para a prática clínica. Com isso, surgem questões sobre a segurança dos procedimentos, seus efeitos fisiológicos e os mecanismos de ação cerebral. Objetivo: Discutir a aplicabilidade, os efeitos, as barreiras de acesso ao tratamento e explorar direções futuras para pesquisa e prática clínica. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão narrativa da literatura, incluindo ensaios clínicos, revisões sistemáticas, meta-análises e artigos de opinião, com pesquisas nas bases de dados PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar e Web of Science. Discussão: As técnicas de NmNI tendem a ser menos invasivas, mais seguras e acessíveis do que intervenções neurocirúrgicas, apresentando-se como uma alternativa às estratégias farmacológicas, com poucos efeitos colaterais. Aspectos como portabilidade, escalabilidade e custo-benefício, além do potencial para uso doméstico, devem ser considerados. Embora amplamente usadas em reabilitação, ainda é necessário padronizar os parâmetros de aplicação e ampliar o acesso a toda a população. Conclusão: As pesquisa futuras em NmNI devem focar na padronização de protocolos, no aprofundamento das bases neurobiológicas e na expansão para novos contextos clínicos. Uma vez que o acesso ao tratamento é limitado por barreiras financeiras, geográficas e educacionais, torna-se essencial a criação de políticas que garantam sua inclusão na saúde pública.
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