Greek magic on the Atlantic? Homeric potions and mystic cults beyond the Pillars of Herakles. New comparanda and new interpretations
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17648/rom.v0i15.30296Parole chiave:
Western Mediterranean, Commerce, Cult, Greeks, SanctuariesAbstract
The article reviews the evidence for cultic activity at the Orientalizing settlement of Alcácer do Sal (Portugal). It offers new comparanda for the assemblage of cultic artefacts identified at two locations and then interprets it in the broader context of Mediterranean interconnections. It is suggested that a cult brought by Phocaean Greek merchants, perhaps from southern Iberia where such cults are archaeologically attested during the same period, may explain the evidence better than the hypotheses so far formulated.
Downloads
Riferimenti bibliografici
Textual documentation
ARISTOPHANES. Lysistrata. English translation by Jeffrey Henderson. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000.
AVIENUS. Les regions maritimes. Traduit par M. Edourd Saviot. Paris: Panckoucke, 1843.
HERODOTUS. The Persian Wars. English translation by A. D. Godley. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1920. v. 1.
HOMER. Iliad: books I-XII. English translation by A. T. Murray and William Wyatt. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999. v. 1.
PAUSANIAS. Decription of Greece. English translation by W. H. S. Jones. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1935. v. 4.
STRABO. Geographia: books III-V. English translation by Horace Jones. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1923. v. 2.
Support works
ACKERMAN, S. Asherah, the West Semitic goddess of spinning and weaving? Journal of Near Eastern Studies, v. 67, n. 1, p. 1-30, 2008.
ACQUARO, E. Bronzes. In: MOSCATI, S. (Ed.). The Phoenicians. London: Tauris, 2001, p. 472-490.
ALMAGRO-GORBEA, M. Niethos-Néit: the earliest documented Celtic god (c. 575 BC) and the Atlantic relationships between Iberia and Ireland. In: ROCHE, H. et al. (Ed.). From megaliths to metals: essays in honour of George Eogan. Oxford: Oxbow, 2004, p. 200-208.
ALMAGRO-GORBEA, M. Una probable divinidad tartésica identificada: Niethos/Netos. Palaeohispanica, n. 2, p. 37-70, 2002.
ÁLVAREZMARTÍ-AGUILAR, M.; FERRER ALBELDA, E. Identidad y identidades entre los fenicios de la Península Ibérica en el Período Colonial. In: WULFF ALONSO, F. ÁLVAREZ MARTÍ-AGUILAR, M. (Ed.). Identidades, culturas y territórios en la Andalucía prerromana. Malaga: Universidad de Malaga, 2009, p. 165-203.
AMANN, P. Gaben unter eliten. Zu der etruskischen mulu/muluvanische-Inschriften. In: KISTLER, E. et al. (Ed.). Sanctuaries and the power of consumption. Networking and the formation of elites in the archaic Western Mediterranean world. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2015, p. 63-82.
ARRUDA, A. M. A Oeste tudo de novo: novos dados e outros modelos interpretativos para a orientalização do território português. In: ARRUDA, A. M. (Ed.). Fenícios e púnicos, por terra e mar 2. Lisboa: UNIARQ, 2014, p. 512-535.
ÁVILA, J. J. Bronziers d’ Orient-Bronziers d’ Occident: statuettes et thymiatères. In: FONTAN, É.; LE MEAUX, H. (Ed.). La Méditerranée des Phéniciens de Tyr à Carthage. Paris: Institute du Monde Arabe, 2007, p. 159-165.
BATMAZ, A. A lion-headed shield from Ayanis: an identifier of the Urartian culture? In: BOMABRDIERI, L. et al. (Ed.). Identity and connectivity. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2012, p. 243-252.
BATMAZ, A. Votive objects and their storage areas in Urartian fortresses. Ancient Near Eastern Studies, n. 52, p. 127-205, 2015.
BAUGHAN, E. Couched in death: klinai and identity in Anatolia and Beyond. Madison: University of Wisconcin Press, 2013.
BEERDEN, K. Worlds full of signs: ancient Greek divination in context. Leiden: University of Leiden, 2013.
BERNÁLDEZ-SÁNCHEZ, E. et al. Knucklebones and other animal deposits in the “Cruz del Negro” necropolis: possible Phoenician funerary rituals in SW Spain? Anthropozoologica, n. 48, v. 2, p. 323–340, 2013.
BLÄNSDORF, J. The defixiones from the sanctuary of Isis and Mater Magna in Mainz. In: GORDON, R. L.; SIMÓN, F. M. (Ed.). Magical practice in the Latin West. Leiden: Brill, 2010, p. 141-190.
BLÁZQUEZ MARTÍNEZ, J. Chipre y la Península Ibérica. In: MARTI-AGUILAR, M. Á. (Ed.). Fenicios en Tartessos: nuevas perspectivas. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2011, p. 7-31.
BOFFA, G.; LEONE, B. Euboean cults and myths outside Euboea. Poseidon and Briareos/ Aigaion. In: TANKOSIĆ, Ž.; MAVRIDIS, F.; KOSMA, M. (Ed.). An island between two worlds: the Archaeology of Euboea from Prehistoric to Byzantine Times. Athens: Norwegian Institute at Athens, 2017, p. 381-390.
BOUROGIANNIS, G. ‘Phoenikeia grammata’: a new case of Phoenician script from Cos. Ancient Near Eastern Studies, p. 1-23, 2012.
CANTO, A. Un ‘mito’ homérico en Ibéria: Zephyrus y las yeguas de Olisipo. Nuevos textos y ensayo de explicación desde la genómica. In: GORDES, J. G. et al. (Ed.). Lusitânia romana entre o mito e a realidade. Cascais: Câmara Municipal de Cascais, 2009, p. 165-218.
CARDIM RIBEIRO, J. Algumas considerações sobre a inscrição em “lusitano” descoberta em Arronches. Palaohispanica, n. 10, p. 41-62, 2010.
CELESTINO, S.; LÓPEZ RUIZ, C. Tartessos and the Phoenicians in Iberia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
CERDEÑO, M. L. Los boches de cinturón tartésicos. Huelva Arqueológica, n. 5, p. 31-56, 1981.
CHRONOPOULOS, S. Ὓμνος εἰς Δήμητρα. In: GIOSI, M. I.; MELISTA, A. D. (Ed.). Εξαίσιοι Γέλωτες. Το Γέλιο στην Αρχαία Ελληνική Γραμματεία. Athens: Smile, 2017, p. 613-631.
COLDSTREAM, J. N. Geometric Greece. London: Routledge, 2003.
COLDSTREAM, J. N. Greeks and the Phoenicians in the Aegean. In: NIEMEYER, H. G. (Ed.). Phönizier im Westen: die Beitrage des Internationalen Symposiums über “Die Phönizische Expansion im Westlichen Mittelmeerraum” in Köln vom 24. bis 27. April, 1979. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern, 1982, p. 261-275.
CORREIA, V. H. Moeda, epigrafia e identidade cultural no ocidente peninsular pré romano. In: CHAVES TRISTÁN, F.; GARÇIA FARNÁNDEZ, F. J. (Ed.). Moneta qua scripta. La moneda como soporte de escritura. Seville: Universidad de Sevilla, 2004. p. 267-290.
CRIELAARD, J. P. Keleutha hygra. Maritime matters and the ideology of seafaring in the Greek epic tradition. In: 50º CONVEGNO DI STUDI SULLA MAGNA GRECIA. MOBILITÀ MIGRAZIONI FONDAZIONI, 2013. Taranto: Atti...Taranto: Istituto per la Storia e l’ Archeologia della Magna Grecia, 2013. p. 133-157.
CROUWEL, J. H. Chariots and other means of land transport in Bronze Age Greece. Amsterdam: Allard Pierson Museum, 1981.
CULICAN, W. Problems of Phoenician-Punic iconography: a contribution. Australian Journal of Biblical Archaeology, v. 1, n. 3, p. 28-57, 1970.
CURTIS, R. I. Ancient food technology. Leiden: Brill, 2001.
D’ AGOSTINO, B. The archaeological background of the analysed pendent semicircle skyphoi from Pontecagnano. In: KERSCHNER, M.; LEMOS, I. S. (Ed.). Archaeometric analyses of Euboean and Euboean related pottery: new results and their interpretations. Vienna: Sabine Ladstätter, 2014, p. 181-191.
DA ROCHA PEREIRA, M. H. Greek vases in Portugal. Coimbra: University of Coimbra, 2010.
DOAK, B. R. Phoenician aniconism in its Mediterranean and Ancient Near Eastern contexts. Atlanta: SBL Press, 2015.
DOMÍNGUEZ, A. J. Euboeans in the Far West? New data and interpretations. In: TANKOSIĆ, Ž., MAVRIDIS, F.; KOSMA, M. (Ed.). An island between two worlds: the archaeology of Euboea from Prehistoric to Byzantine Times. Athens: Norwegian Institute at Athens, 2017, p. 215-234.
DOMÍNGUEZ, A. J. Los primeros Griegos en la Peninsula Ibérica (s. IX-VI a.C.): mitos, probabilidades, certezas. In: PAS DE HOZ, M.; MORA, G. (Ed.). El Oriente Griego en la Peninsula Ibérica: epigrafía e historía. Madrid: Real Academia de la Historia, 2013, p. 11-42.
DOMÍNGUEZ, A. J. Los términos ‘Iberia’ e ‘Iberos’ en las fuentes grecolatinas: estudio acerca de su origen y ámbito de aplicación. Lucentum, n. 2, p. 203-224, 1983.
DOMÍNGUEZ, A. J. Spain and France (including Corsica). In: HERMAN HANSEN, M.; HEINE NIELSEN, T. (Ed.). An inventory of archaic and classical poleis. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 157-171.
ELDERKIN, G. W. Aphrodite and Athena in the Lysistrata of Aristophanes. Classical Philology, v. 4, n. 35, p. 387-396, 1940.
EREN, K. Ionian sanctuaries and the Mediterranean world in the 7th c. In: MILITELLO, P. M.; ÖNIZ, H. (Ed.). SOMA 2011: proceedings of the 15th Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology, held at the Universityof Catania 3-5 March 2011. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2015, p. 321-327.
ESCACENA CARRASCO, J. L. Variación identitaria entre los orientates de Tartessos: reflexiones desde el antiesencialismo darwinista. In: ÁLVAREZ MARTI-AGUILAR, M. (Ed.). Fenicios en Tartessos. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2011, p. 161-192.
ESTIENNE, H. Thesarus Grecae linguae. Ab H. Stefano constructus. London: Ædibus Valpiansis, 1822.
FIORINI, L. The sacred area of Gravisca: ethnic and religious interactions in comparison. In: KISTLER, E. et al. (Ed.). Sanctuaries and the power of consumption: networking and the formation of elites in the archaic Western Mediterranean world. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2015, p. 205-219.
FONTAN, É.; LE MEAUX, Η. (Ed.). La Méditerranée des Phéniciens de Tyr à Carthage. Paris: Institute du Monde Arabe, 2007.
GALLET, B. Sur le sens de l’adjectif φθονερός: la ‘jalousie’ des Athéniens dans le Discours contre Leptine (Démosthène XX, § 10, 140 et 164). Revue des Études Anciennes, v. 1-2, n. 92, p. 45-58, 1990.
GARCÍA ALFONSO, E. Sites, museums and collections of Greek archaeological legacy in Spain and Portugal. In: AQUILUÉ, X.; CABRERA, P. (Ed.). Iberia Graeca: the Greek archaeological legacy on the Iberian Peninsula. Girona: Centro Iberia Graeca, 2012, p. 120-137.
GARCÍA FERNÁNDEZ, M. et al. New data about the beginning of the Phoenician colonization in Huelva archaeological excavation in 3, Concepción Street. Forum Romanum Belgicum, v. 5, n. 13, 2016.
GARCÍA FERNÁNDEZ, M. et al. Una inscripción griega arcaica hallada en el cabezo de San Pedro (Huelva). SPAL: Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueología, n. 18, p. 93-103, 2009.
GARCIA GONZÁLEZ, D. G. et al. La tumba del guerrero: un hallazgo de Época Protohistórica en Málaga. Mainake, n. 34, p. 277-292, 2013.
GIMATZIDIS, S. Feasting and offering to the gods in early Greek sanctuaries: Monumentalisation and miniaturisation in pottery. Pallas, n. 86, p. 75-96, 2011.
GOMES, A. Moedas do território portugués antes da fundaçâo da nacionalidade (hispano- romanas). Lisboa: Asociação Numismática de Portugal, 1998.
GOMES, F. B. Aspectos do sagrado na colonização fenícia. Lisboa: UNIARQ, 2012.
GOMES, F. B. The olival do senhor dos mártires necropolis (Alcácer do Sal, Portugal) in the context of the Iron Age funerary practices of the southwestern Iberian Peninsula. In: ROCHA, L.; BUENO-RAMÍREZ, P.; BRANCO, G. (Ed.). Death as archaeology of transition: thoughts and materials. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2015, p. 327-341.
GONZÁLEZ DE CANALES CERISOLA, F.; LLOMPART GÓMEZ, J. Producción de cerámicas griegas arcaicas en Huelva Greek archaic ceramics manufactured in Huelva. Archivo Español de Arqueología, n. 90, p. 125-145, 2017.
GONZÁLEZ DE CANALES CERISOLA, F.; SERRANO PICHARDO, L.; LLOMPART GÓMEZ, J. El emporio fenicio precolonial de Huelva (ca. 900-770 a. C.). Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva, 2004.
GORDON, S.; SIMÓN, F. M. Introduction. In: GORDON, R. L.; SIMÓN, F.M. (Ed.). Magical practice in the Latin West. Leiden: Brill, 2010, p. 1-49.
GUBEL, E. Phoenician and Aramaean bridle-harness decoration: examples of cultural contact and innovation in the eastern Mediterranean. In: SUTER, C. E.; UELHLINGER, C. (Ed.). Crafts and images in contact: studies on Eastern Mediterranean art of the First Millennium BCE. Fribourg: Academic Press Fribourg, 2005, p. 111-148.
GUERRA, A. Anotações ao texto da tabella defixionis de Alcácer do Sal. Revista Portuguesa de Arqueologia, n. 6, p. 335-339, 2003.
HARCOMBE, A. M. A chronological study of thereomorphic furniture legs from Ancient Egypt. Paper presented at the South African Society for Near Eastern Studies, University of the Western Cape, 2011. Disponível em: <https://www.academia.edu/13742992/A_chronological_study_of_thereomorphic_furniture_legs_from_Ancient_Egypt>. Acesso em: 20 jan. 2020.
HERMARY, A.; TRÉZINY, H. (Ed.). Cultes des cités Phocéenes. Aix-en-Provence: EDISUD, 2000.
HILL, D. K. Palmette with snakes: a handle ornament on early metalware. Antike Kunst, v. 1, n. 10, p. 39-47, 1967.
KARAGEORGHIS, V. View from the Bronze Age. Mycenaean and Phoenician discoveries at Kition. New York: Dutton & Co, 1976.
KATAKIS, S. E. Αγαλμάτια Δήμητρας και Κυβέλης των ύστερων ρωμαϊκών χρόνων από την Αθήνα. In: STEFANIDOU-TIVERIOU, TH.; KARANASTASI, P.; DAMASKOS, D. (Ed.). Κλασική Παράδοση και Νεωτερικά Στοιχεία στην Πλαστική της Ρωμαϊκήσ Ελλάδας. Thessaloniki: Thessaloniki University Studi, 2012, p. 89-114.
KATSAOUNOY, S. Η. λατρεία της Κυβέλης στην Εύβοια. Μια νέα θεώρηση του θρησκειολογικού περιεχομένου της Μητέρας των Θεών και η συμβολή της Ερέτριας σε αυτή. In: TANKOSIĆ, Ž.; MAVRIDIS, F.; KOSMA, M. (Ed.). An island between two worlds: the archaeology of Euboea from Prehistoric to Byzantine Times. Athens: Norwegian Institute at Athens, 2017, p. 391-402.
KOCH PIETTRE, R. Le blé, la bière et le vin: questions sur ἀλωή et κυκεών. In: GARTZIOU-TATTI, A.; ZOGRAFOU, A. (Ed.). Des dieux et des plantes: monde végétal et religion en Grèce ancienne. Liège: Université de Liège, 2019, p. 111-126.
KOCH, J. T. Referring back to the Bronze Age from the dawn of Palaeohispanic literacy: the South-Western inscriptions interpreted as nativism. Bronze Age Forum Belfast, p. 1-26, 2013.
KOCH, J. T. Tartessian: Celtic in the South-West at the dawn of history. Aberystwyth: The David Brown Book Co, 2009.
LAMPAKIS, S. Βιβλιοκρισία: Martin Hinterberger, Phthonos. Mißgunst, Neid und Eifersucht in der byzantinischen Literatur (Serta Graeca. Beiträge zur Erforschung griechischer Texte, Band 29), σελ. Bυζαντινά Σύμμεικτα, n. 27, p. 499-502, 2017.
LANGDON, S. Gift exchange in the Geometric sanctuaries. Boreas, n. 15, p. 108-113, 1987.
LE RIDER, G.; SEYRIG, H. Objets de la collection Louis De Clercq donnés en 1967 au Cabinet des Médailles de la Bibliothèque Nationale par le Comte et la Comtesse Henri de Boisgelin. Revue Numismatique, n. 9, p. 7-53, 1967.
LÉGER, R. N. Artemis and her cult. 2015. 100 f. Tesis (Post-doctoral, Doctor of Philosophy) – Department of Classics, Ancient History and Archaeology, Unibersity of Birmigham, Birmigham, 2015.
LEMOS, I. S. The Protogeometric Aegean. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
LLOMPART, J. et al. Discusión en torno a la lectura y soporte de una inscripción griega arcaica con dedicatoria a la diosa Hi/estia hallada en Huelva. Huelva en su Historia, n. 13, p. 3-14, 2010.
LLORIO, A. J. Cerámica gris orientalizante de la necrópolis de la Medellín (Badajoz). Zephyrv, n. 41, p. 283-314, 1988.
MAIA, M. La pesca, a actividade conserveira e as ânforas de Tavira. In: I CONFERÊNCIA INTERNACIONAL HISTORIA DE LA PESCA EN EL ÁMBITO ESTRECHO, 2004. Cádiz. Anales... Càdiz: Instituto de Investigación y Formación Agraria e Pesquera, v. 1 e 2, p. 455-488.
MARTIN RUIZ, J. A.; GARCIA CARRETERO, J. R. Greek armament from the South of the Iberian Peninsula during the 1st Millennium BC. Athens Journal of History, v. 4, n. 4, p. 279-294, 2018.
MITSOPOULOU, C. Το ιερό της Δήμητρας στην Κύθνο και η μίσθωση του ελευσινιακού τεμένους. In: LEVENTI, I.; MITSOPOULOU, C. (Ed.). Ιερά Και Λατρείες της Δήμητρας στον Αρχαίο Ελληνικό Κόσμο, Πρακτικά Επιστημονικού Συμποσίου Πανεπιστημίου Θεσσαλίας, Βόλος, 4-5 Ιουνίου 2005. Volos: University of Volos Press, 2010, p. 43-90.
NAGY, H. Votives in the larger religious context. In: BELL, S.; CARPINO, A. A. (Ed.). Companion to the Etruscans. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell, 2016, p. 261-274.
NASO. A. The origin of tomb painting in Etruria. Ancient West East, n. 9, p. 63-86, 2010.
NIJBOER, A. J. A pair of early fixed metallic monetary units from Borgo Le Ferriere (Satiricum). Numismatical Chronicle, v. 154, p. 1-16, 1994.
OAKLEY, J. J. Attic red-figured skyphoi of Corinthia shape. Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, v. 57, n. 2, p. 165-191, 1988.
OLAIO, A. O povoado da Quinta do Almaraz (Almada, Portugal) no âmbito da ocupação no Baixo Tejo durante o 1º milénio a.n.e.: os dados do conjunto anfórico. SPAL: Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueología, v. 2, n. 27, p. 125‑163, 2018.
ÖZYGIT, O.; ERDOGAN, A. Les sanctuaires de Phocée à la lumière des dernières fouilles. In: HERMARY, A.; TRÉZINY, H. (Ed.). Cultes des cités Phocéenes. Aix-en-Provence: EDISUD, 2000, p. 11-23.
PAIXÃO, A. C. Alcácer do Sal Proto-Histórica no Contexto Mediterrânico. In: Os púnicos no extremo Ocidente. Lisboa: Universidade Aberta, 2001, p. 149-172.
PAIXÃO, P. et al. Archaeological Crypt of Alcácer do Sal Castle. Lisbon: Instituto de Gestão de Património, 2007.
PALLOTTINO, M. Urartu, Greece and Etruria. East and West, v. 9, n. 1/2, p. 29-52, 1958.
PAPALARDO, E. I Bronzi dell’ antro ideo nel contesto della produzione cretese coeva. Creta Antica, n. 2, p. 169-190, 2001.
PAPPA, E. Divination and necromancy from the Levant to the Guadalquivir: religious transmutations on the move. In: RIEHLE, K.; SALTINI-SEMERARI, G.; SOSSAU, V. (Ed.). Mistaken identities: identities as cultural resources. Resource cultures series. Tübingen: University of Tübingen (no prelo a).
PAPPA, E. Looking out to the sea and away from it: multi-cultural maritime communities of the coast and inland isolationism in Early Iron Age Atlantic Iberia. In: DAIRE, M.Y. et al. (Ed.). Ancient maritime communities and the relationship between people and environment along the European Atlantic Coasts: anciens peuplements littoraux et relations home/milieu sur les côtes de l’ Europe Atlantique. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2013, p. 349-359.
PAPPA, E. Oriental gods but domestic elites? Religious symbolism and economic functions of Phoenician-period cult loci in south Iberia. In: KISTLER, E. (Ed.). Sanctuaries and the power of consumption: networking and the formation of elites in the archaic Western Mediterranean world. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2015b, p. 43-62.
PAPPA, E. Picking up letters quite quickly: the first literacy in western Europe during the first millennium BCE. In: FLORENZANO, M. B. B. (Ed). A pólis e suas fronteiras. São Paulo: Edusp (no prelo b).
PAPPA, E. The metrological system of the final Bronze Age balance weights and the pre-Roman coinage of Atlantic Iberia: a shared Syrian standard? Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology, v. 6, n. 1, p. 60-80, 2019.
PAPPA, E. The Phoenician sanctuary of Palácio da Galeria in Tavira (Portugal): overview, selected contexts and their assemblages from the excavations of the Campo Arqueológico de Tavira. Barcelona: Edicions Bellaterra, 2015c.
PAPPA, E. Who’s the Phoenician on the Atlantic? Disentangling seafaring from colonisation in western Iberia and Morocco. In: PEDERSEN, R. (Ed.). On sea and ocean: new research in Phoenician seafaring. Marburg: Universität Marburg, 2015a, p. 71-94.
PARKER, A.; MCKIE, S. Material approaches to Roman magic: occult objects and supernatural substances. Oxford: Oxbow, 2018.
PETROPOULOS, I. Μαγεία και παραφροσύνη στον Όμηρο. In: AVAGIANOU, A. (Ed.). Η Μαγεία στην Αρχαία Ελλάδα. Athens: National Hellenic Research Foundation, 2008, p. 37-48.
POPHAM, M. R.; LEMOS, I. S. Lefkandi II: the Toumba Cemetery. The Excvations of 1981, 1984, 1986 and 1992-4. The British School at Athens. Supplementary, v. 29, p. 193-205, 1996.
RIDGWAY, D. Nestor’s cup and the Etruscans. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, v. 3, n. 16, p. 325-344, 1997.
ROBERT, L. Documents de l’Asie Mineure Méridionale: inscriptions, monnaies et géographie. Geneva: Librairie Droz, 1966.
SCHÜRR, D. Karische und lykische Sibilanten. Indogermanische Forschungen, v. 106, n. 1, p. 94-121, 2001.
SERRANO, L. et al. A. Scaraboid seal of the “Lyre-Player Group” at the Huelva Museum. In: ENCONTRO DE ARQUEOLOGIA DO SUDOESTE PENINSULAR, V. Almodôvar. Actas...Almodôvar: Digital Edition, 2012, p. 279-288.
SOUSA, E. D.; PIMENTA, J. Produções cerâmicas de inspiração grega no Vale do Baixo Tejo. In: ARNAUD, J. M.; MARTINS, A. (Ed.). Arqueologia em Portugal. Estado da questão. Lisboa: Associação dos Arqueólogos Portugueses, 2017, p. 887-895.
TAVARES DA SILVA, C. et al. Escavações arqueológicas no Castelo de Alcácer do Sal (campanha de 1979). Setúbal Arqueológica, v. 6-7, p. 149-218, 1980-1.
UBERT. Ivory andbone carving. In: MOSCATI, S. (Ed.). The Phoenicians. London: Tauris, 2001, p. 456-471.
VILAÇA, R. Ponderais do Bronze Final-Ferro Inicial do Ocidente peninsular: novos dados e questões em aberto. In: PAZ GARCÍA-BELLIDO, M.; CALLEGARIN, L.; JIMÉNEZ DÍEZ, A. (Ed.). Barter, money and coinage in the ancient Mediterranean (10th-1st centuries BC). Madrid: CSIC, 2011, p. 139-167.
VILLARD, F.; VALLET, G. Megara Hyblaea, V. Lampes du VIIe siècle et chronologie des coupes ioniennes. Antiquité, v. 67, p. 7-34, 1955.
VILLARONGA, L.; BENAGES, J. Ancient coinage of the Iberian Peninsula. Barcelona: Societat Catalana d’ Estudis Numismàtics, 2011.
WEBSTER, J. A dirty window on the Iron Age? Recent developments in the archaeology of Pre‑Roman Celtic religion. In: RITARI, K.; BERGHOLM, A. (Ed.). Understanding Celtic religion revisiting the pagan past. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2015, p. 121-154.
WESOLOWSKA, M. The human life hidden in a symbol of flower: between Minoan World and Egypt. In: ZEBROWSK, K.; ULANOWSKA, A.; LEWARTOWSKI, K. (Ed.). Sympozjum Egejskie. Warsaw: University of Warsaw, 2017, p. 79-84.
WEST, M. Grated cheese fit for heroes. The Journal of Hellenic Studies, v. 118, p. 190-191, 1998.
Downloads
Pubblicato
Come citare
Fascicolo
Sezione
Licenza
Copyright (c) 2020 Eleftheria Pappa
Questo lavoro è fornito con la licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione - Non commerciale - Non opere derivate 4.0 Internazionale.
a. Gli autori mantengono i loro diritti sugli articoli e concedono alla rivista il diritto di prima pubblicazione.
b. Gli autori sono autorizzati a fare accordi complementari per distribuzione non esclusiva della versione del testo uscito nella rivista, e a pubblicare l’articolo in un deposito istituzionale oppure in un libro, sotto forma di capitolo, a patto che sia menzionata la prima pubblicazione in questo periodico.
c. Gli autori sono autorizzati e stimolati a pubblicare e diffondere i loro articoli online, in sito elettronico proprio o in qualsiasi altro, dopo la prima pubblicazione nella rivista, e sempre facendo riferimento a Romanitas.
d. Gli articoli della rivista hanno una licenza CC BY 4.0 Deed Attribuzione 4.0 Internazionale (CC BY).
